HCAL Exam 2 UPDATED ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
metabolic waste - CORRECT ANSWER creatine and BUN
main functional unit of kidneys is - CORRECT ANSWER nephron
over 1 million
nephron has - CORRECT ANSWER blood vessels and renal rubules
formation of urine - CORRECT ANSWER 1. glomerular filtration
2. tubular reabsorption
3. tubular secretion
blood enters the kidney through - CORRECT ANSWER the renal artery, which
branches into smaller arteries, arterioles, and then to a cluster of capillaries (gomerulus)
glomerulus - CORRECT ANSWER semipermeable membrane that serves to filter
blood into a c shaped structure of the renal tubule (bowman capsule)
glomerular filtration - CORRECT ANSWER blood through semiperm membrane.
Filter
filtrate contains - CORRECT ANSWER water, electrolytes, and waste that have been
removed from blood
filtrate passes through - CORRECT ANSWER sequence of renal tubules
,Bowman capsule to proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, and distal convoluted tubule.
tubular reaborption - CORRECT ANSWER network of capillaries surrounding the
renal tubules reabsorb most of the water, electrolytes, and other elements back into blood
tubular secretion - CORRECT ANSWER involves a secondary process for small
amounts of select substances
Filter K, H, ammonia, and drugs to be moved from the blood in capillaries surrounding the
tubules into the tubules
amount of water and electrolytes reabsorbed into the blood or excreted in renal tubules is
controlled by.... - CORRECT ANSWER hormones
-aldosterone
-antidiuretic
-parathyroid
-renin
-atrial natriuretic
urine formed in renal tubules moves into - CORRECT ANSWER collecting duct and
then into renal pelvis, ureter, and bladder. It is stored until urination
bladder holds - CORRECT ANSWER 300-500mL in adults before pressure
stimulations stretch receptors in the bladder wall. Stretch receptors send nerve impulses
through spinal cord to signal need for urination
internal sphincter - CORRECT ANSWER smooth muscle
contracts involun to precent urine from leaking out of bladder
external sphincter - CORRECT ANSWER surrounding upper part of urethra
,skeletal muscle and is voluntary
micturition reflex - CORRECT ANSWER causes internal sphincter muscles to relax
and bladder wall contraction
Accessory bowel - CORRECT ANSWER liver, gallbladder, pancreas
process of waste formation occur in - CORRECT ANSWER colon
colon - CORRECT ANSWER reaborption of water and electrolytes
moves waste
peristalsis
increased peristalsis - CORRECT ANSWER diarrhea
feces compromised of - CORRECT ANSWER water, bile, undigested food,
unabsorbed mineral, bacteria, mucous, and epithelial cells from lining of intestines
large intestine - CORRECT ANSWER 5/6 ft long and 2in diameter
cecum, colon, rectum, anus
absorb water and electrolytes as matter moves through walls
mucus in intestines - CORRECT ANSWER help lubricate the walls and aids expulsion
of stool
, elimination of stool - CORRECT ANSWER signal from pressure when stool reaches
rectum, stimulated parasympathetic nerve fibers in sacral aspect of spinal cord
Contraction of rectum with relaxtion of internal sphincter
Reflexive action: involun and volunt
loss of control - CORRECT ANSWER leads to
-skin breakdown
-changes in daily activity
-changes in social relationship
older adults changes - CORRECT ANSWER by 80- renal blood flow reduces to
600mL/min and kidneys lose up to 50% of functioning nephrons
changes in size of kidney and sclerosis.
reduces renal reserve- more susceptible to fluid and electrolytes imbalances and kidney
damage due to medication
OA bowel - CORRECT ANSWER atrophy of smooth muscle layers in colon and
reduced mucous secretions
reduced tone of internal/external sphincter, neural impulses
stress incontinence - CORRECT ANSWER when urine leaks during exercise and
certain movements that cause pressure on the bladder
urge incontinence - CORRECT ANSWER leakage of large amounts of urine at
unexpected times.
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
metabolic waste - CORRECT ANSWER creatine and BUN
main functional unit of kidneys is - CORRECT ANSWER nephron
over 1 million
nephron has - CORRECT ANSWER blood vessels and renal rubules
formation of urine - CORRECT ANSWER 1. glomerular filtration
2. tubular reabsorption
3. tubular secretion
blood enters the kidney through - CORRECT ANSWER the renal artery, which
branches into smaller arteries, arterioles, and then to a cluster of capillaries (gomerulus)
glomerulus - CORRECT ANSWER semipermeable membrane that serves to filter
blood into a c shaped structure of the renal tubule (bowman capsule)
glomerular filtration - CORRECT ANSWER blood through semiperm membrane.
Filter
filtrate contains - CORRECT ANSWER water, electrolytes, and waste that have been
removed from blood
filtrate passes through - CORRECT ANSWER sequence of renal tubules
,Bowman capsule to proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, and distal convoluted tubule.
tubular reaborption - CORRECT ANSWER network of capillaries surrounding the
renal tubules reabsorb most of the water, electrolytes, and other elements back into blood
tubular secretion - CORRECT ANSWER involves a secondary process for small
amounts of select substances
Filter K, H, ammonia, and drugs to be moved from the blood in capillaries surrounding the
tubules into the tubules
amount of water and electrolytes reabsorbed into the blood or excreted in renal tubules is
controlled by.... - CORRECT ANSWER hormones
-aldosterone
-antidiuretic
-parathyroid
-renin
-atrial natriuretic
urine formed in renal tubules moves into - CORRECT ANSWER collecting duct and
then into renal pelvis, ureter, and bladder. It is stored until urination
bladder holds - CORRECT ANSWER 300-500mL in adults before pressure
stimulations stretch receptors in the bladder wall. Stretch receptors send nerve impulses
through spinal cord to signal need for urination
internal sphincter - CORRECT ANSWER smooth muscle
contracts involun to precent urine from leaking out of bladder
external sphincter - CORRECT ANSWER surrounding upper part of urethra
,skeletal muscle and is voluntary
micturition reflex - CORRECT ANSWER causes internal sphincter muscles to relax
and bladder wall contraction
Accessory bowel - CORRECT ANSWER liver, gallbladder, pancreas
process of waste formation occur in - CORRECT ANSWER colon
colon - CORRECT ANSWER reaborption of water and electrolytes
moves waste
peristalsis
increased peristalsis - CORRECT ANSWER diarrhea
feces compromised of - CORRECT ANSWER water, bile, undigested food,
unabsorbed mineral, bacteria, mucous, and epithelial cells from lining of intestines
large intestine - CORRECT ANSWER 5/6 ft long and 2in diameter
cecum, colon, rectum, anus
absorb water and electrolytes as matter moves through walls
mucus in intestines - CORRECT ANSWER help lubricate the walls and aids expulsion
of stool
, elimination of stool - CORRECT ANSWER signal from pressure when stool reaches
rectum, stimulated parasympathetic nerve fibers in sacral aspect of spinal cord
Contraction of rectum with relaxtion of internal sphincter
Reflexive action: involun and volunt
loss of control - CORRECT ANSWER leads to
-skin breakdown
-changes in daily activity
-changes in social relationship
older adults changes - CORRECT ANSWER by 80- renal blood flow reduces to
600mL/min and kidneys lose up to 50% of functioning nephrons
changes in size of kidney and sclerosis.
reduces renal reserve- more susceptible to fluid and electrolytes imbalances and kidney
damage due to medication
OA bowel - CORRECT ANSWER atrophy of smooth muscle layers in colon and
reduced mucous secretions
reduced tone of internal/external sphincter, neural impulses
stress incontinence - CORRECT ANSWER when urine leaks during exercise and
certain movements that cause pressure on the bladder
urge incontinence - CORRECT ANSWER leakage of large amounts of urine at
unexpected times.
