ANSWERS|LATEST 2025/2026|GRADED
Logical Equivalent - ANSWER Must be True Cannot Be False
Could be True Could be False
Cannot be True Must be False
Logical Reasoning - ANSWER Need to know: Apply Sufficient and Necessary if you are
given Sufficient and necessary indicators
Conclusion Tips - ANSWER 1. CONCLUSIONS DONT ALWAYS COME FROM THE AUTHOR
THEY ALSO COME FROM OTHER INDIVIDUAL'S PROPOSALS
> "They concluded" "They proposed"
2. Business has an interest in enabling employees to care for children because those children
will be the customers, employees, and managers of the future.- Therefore, businesses should
adopt policies, such as daycare benefits, that facilitate parenting.
LESSON: if an argument has a conclusion indicator that is used as a conclusion, trust the
indicator to be a conclusion
ALL MATERIAL TIPS - ANSWER Every source of reading the material you are given identify
and separate, naturally, the Subject, predicate and embedded
clauses/modifiers/adjectives/adverbs [adverbs]
Ex:
[Candidates] who can vastly outspend all rivals [have an] unfair [advantage] in publicizing their
platforms.
,Subject: noun (person, place, thing) [Who or what the sentence is talking about]
Predicate: verbs in a sentence/ description about the subject [a description of what happened
to the predicate]
Details:
Modifiers: details that specify the subjects or verbs they are using
Embedded clause: clause used in the middle of another clause
Clauses: Subject and verb in the same grouping
Indicator Tips - ANSWER Everything after conclusion indicators is not a conclusion. If the
indicator exists, and "since/because" are inserted, the conclusion will occur after the premise
indicator and comma is given
Ex: Therefore, [since businesses value their profits], those that might have such accidents will
not install adequate environmental safeguards.
For, Afterall, Because, and Since [FABS] - ANSWER Always introduce PREMISES
Some people say... - ANSWER Indication given by author that lets you know what other
ideas {background} are.
This also lets us know what opposing arguments are
But, However and although [HAB] - ANSWER Always takes the reader out of the context
(background) and into an argument
,Some managers believe that the best way to incentivize employees to work harder is to
intimidate them. [ But, employees who are intimidated cannot concentrate on their work.
Therefore, there is probably a better way to incentivize employees to work harder.]
But.. takes you into the argument of the author
Argument - ANSWER Premise + Conclusion
Aim: to persuade
Function(internal): Supports
Concept: - ANSWER general notion
Claim: - ANSWER argue, assert
Criterion: - ANSWER Standard
Inconsistent - ANSWER to not stay the same throughout
Correlation [Similar patterns] - ANSWER relationship between factors drawn
Ex: as X increases/decreases Y decreases/increases
suppositions - ANSWER beliefs
Correlation cause and effect - ANSWER as x increases/decreases, y decreases/increases
this means that X is the cause of Y
premise - ANSWER assertion, proposition,
, LR: Suff & Necessary Methodology - ANSWER ARG:
Identify components
Evaluate: Make sure the conclusion must be true from premise [via conditionals and
contrapos]
Answer question (must here be true given con?/valid?)
Set of Facts:
Get facts
Draw implications (point they are tying to make)
Answer question (must here be true given point?/valid?)
Stimulus Approach:
Read stimulus carefully
Look for choice that has to be true from the passage
MP: If you are given points, is your conclusion made from these premises?
Sufficient Condition/ Necessary Rule [Permanent factor Dependency, NNAS ] -
ANSWER Def: Enough (Sufficient) Required (Necessary)
A --> F (Proper S/N)
F --> A (Mistaken Reversal/Incorrect Negation)
~F --> ~A (Contrapositive)
And / Or Rule (FSN)
TERM - ANSWER Def: negate whole conditional, bring and/or to opposite side, change
every and/or to an or/and
Logical Equivalent - ANSWER Must be True Cannot Be False
Could be True Could be False
Cannot be True Must be False
Logical Reasoning - ANSWER Need to know: Apply Sufficient and Necessary if you are
given Sufficient and necessary indicators
Conclusion Tips - ANSWER 1. CONCLUSIONS DONT ALWAYS COME FROM THE AUTHOR
THEY ALSO COME FROM OTHER INDIVIDUAL'S PROPOSALS
> "They concluded" "They proposed"
2. Business has an interest in enabling employees to care for children because those children
will be the customers, employees, and managers of the future.- Therefore, businesses should
adopt policies, such as daycare benefits, that facilitate parenting.
LESSON: if an argument has a conclusion indicator that is used as a conclusion, trust the
indicator to be a conclusion
ALL MATERIAL TIPS - ANSWER Every source of reading the material you are given identify
and separate, naturally, the Subject, predicate and embedded
clauses/modifiers/adjectives/adverbs [adverbs]
Ex:
[Candidates] who can vastly outspend all rivals [have an] unfair [advantage] in publicizing their
platforms.
,Subject: noun (person, place, thing) [Who or what the sentence is talking about]
Predicate: verbs in a sentence/ description about the subject [a description of what happened
to the predicate]
Details:
Modifiers: details that specify the subjects or verbs they are using
Embedded clause: clause used in the middle of another clause
Clauses: Subject and verb in the same grouping
Indicator Tips - ANSWER Everything after conclusion indicators is not a conclusion. If the
indicator exists, and "since/because" are inserted, the conclusion will occur after the premise
indicator and comma is given
Ex: Therefore, [since businesses value their profits], those that might have such accidents will
not install adequate environmental safeguards.
For, Afterall, Because, and Since [FABS] - ANSWER Always introduce PREMISES
Some people say... - ANSWER Indication given by author that lets you know what other
ideas {background} are.
This also lets us know what opposing arguments are
But, However and although [HAB] - ANSWER Always takes the reader out of the context
(background) and into an argument
,Some managers believe that the best way to incentivize employees to work harder is to
intimidate them. [ But, employees who are intimidated cannot concentrate on their work.
Therefore, there is probably a better way to incentivize employees to work harder.]
But.. takes you into the argument of the author
Argument - ANSWER Premise + Conclusion
Aim: to persuade
Function(internal): Supports
Concept: - ANSWER general notion
Claim: - ANSWER argue, assert
Criterion: - ANSWER Standard
Inconsistent - ANSWER to not stay the same throughout
Correlation [Similar patterns] - ANSWER relationship between factors drawn
Ex: as X increases/decreases Y decreases/increases
suppositions - ANSWER beliefs
Correlation cause and effect - ANSWER as x increases/decreases, y decreases/increases
this means that X is the cause of Y
premise - ANSWER assertion, proposition,
, LR: Suff & Necessary Methodology - ANSWER ARG:
Identify components
Evaluate: Make sure the conclusion must be true from premise [via conditionals and
contrapos]
Answer question (must here be true given con?/valid?)
Set of Facts:
Get facts
Draw implications (point they are tying to make)
Answer question (must here be true given point?/valid?)
Stimulus Approach:
Read stimulus carefully
Look for choice that has to be true from the passage
MP: If you are given points, is your conclusion made from these premises?
Sufficient Condition/ Necessary Rule [Permanent factor Dependency, NNAS ] -
ANSWER Def: Enough (Sufficient) Required (Necessary)
A --> F (Proper S/N)
F --> A (Mistaken Reversal/Incorrect Negation)
~F --> ~A (Contrapositive)
And / Or Rule (FSN)
TERM - ANSWER Def: negate whole conditional, bring and/or to opposite side, change
every and/or to an or/and
