PSU BIO 141 EXAM 2 ZEMAN
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Convergence - Correct Answers -A mechanism for providing input to a single neuron
from multiple sources
Serial Processing - Correct Answers -A mechanism in which neurons or pools work
sequentially
Temporal Summation (Frequency) - Correct Answers -Occurs on a membrane that
receives two depolarizing stimuli from the same source; impulse arrives close to the
axon hillock and a second stimulus quickly adds to it and creates action potential
propagation
Spatial Summation (Location) - Correct Answers -Occurs when sources of stimulation
arrive simultaneously, but at different locations; local currents spread the depolarizing
effects and areas of overlap experience combined effects
Cholinergic Receptors - Correct Answers -attaches to Acetylcholine
Adrenergic receptors - Correct Answers -attaches to Norepinephrine- Adrenaline
Acetylcholine - Correct Answers -Most plentiful neurotransmitter in the body;made in
brain and released by nerve cells; active everywhere, especially the neuromuscular
junction; serves excitatory and inhibitory functions; used in all preganglionic neurons
and only in postganglionic sympathetic neurons
Calcium in a neural secretion - Correct Answers -entry triggered by depolarization at
terminals; basically once an action potential reaches the end of axon terminal this will
open up channels to let calcium in; once this calcium enters the neuron it triggers the
release of the neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
AChE - Correct Answers -Acetylcholinesterase; it is an enzyme that will basically eat up
and destroy the leftover acetylcholine so that the muscle doesn't continue to contract
Sodium and Potassium - Correct Answers -Just know that sodium will always be
entering and depolarizing the cell to start an action potential and potassium will always
leave the cell once voltage gets super high to return the cell back to normal
Interneurons - Correct Answers -located in CNS; transmits impulses between other
neurons (apart of reflex arcs)
, Afferent Neurons - Correct Answers -Sensory neurons in PNS; signals sent to the brian
Efferent Neurons - Correct Answers -Motor neurons in PNS; signals sent away from
brian (to target)
Somatic - Correct Answers -Bones muscles and skin (motor and sensory divisions)
Visceral - Correct Answers -Autonomic; Organs and glands (motor and sensory
divisions)
Visceral motor divisions - Correct Answers -sympathetic and parasympathetic
Caffeine - Correct Answers -Stimulates sarcolemmas of cardiac conduction cells
Nicotine - Correct Answers -Stimulates nicotinic Ach receptors on sympathetic post-
ganglionic neurons
Beta-blockers (propranolol) - Correct Answers -Block B-adrenergic receptors (block
norepinephrine)
Properties - Correct Answers -Excitability, conductivity, contractility, extensibility,
elasticity
Excitability - Correct Answers -respond to chemicals released from motor neurons
Conductivity - Correct Answers -ability to propagate electrical signals over membrane
Contractility - Correct Answers -ability to shorten and generate force
Extensibility - Correct Answers -ability to be stretched without damaging the tissue
Elasticity - Correct Answers -ability to return to its original shape after being stretched
Skeletal - Correct Answers -voluntary, striated, multinucleated, sarcomeres
Smooth - Correct Answers -involuntary, mononucleated, spindle shaped, organs
Cardiac - Correct Answers -involuntary, have gap junctions/ intercalated discs that
connect them electrically, mononucleated, striated branched
Anatomy of muscles - Correct Answers -Muscle>fascicle>muscle
fiber(cell)>myofibrils>myofilaments
Steps of Excitation-contraction coupling - Correct Answers -1. Calcium binds to troponin
2. Tropomyosin reveals the active sites on the actin molecule 3. Myosin binds to the
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Convergence - Correct Answers -A mechanism for providing input to a single neuron
from multiple sources
Serial Processing - Correct Answers -A mechanism in which neurons or pools work
sequentially
Temporal Summation (Frequency) - Correct Answers -Occurs on a membrane that
receives two depolarizing stimuli from the same source; impulse arrives close to the
axon hillock and a second stimulus quickly adds to it and creates action potential
propagation
Spatial Summation (Location) - Correct Answers -Occurs when sources of stimulation
arrive simultaneously, but at different locations; local currents spread the depolarizing
effects and areas of overlap experience combined effects
Cholinergic Receptors - Correct Answers -attaches to Acetylcholine
Adrenergic receptors - Correct Answers -attaches to Norepinephrine- Adrenaline
Acetylcholine - Correct Answers -Most plentiful neurotransmitter in the body;made in
brain and released by nerve cells; active everywhere, especially the neuromuscular
junction; serves excitatory and inhibitory functions; used in all preganglionic neurons
and only in postganglionic sympathetic neurons
Calcium in a neural secretion - Correct Answers -entry triggered by depolarization at
terminals; basically once an action potential reaches the end of axon terminal this will
open up channels to let calcium in; once this calcium enters the neuron it triggers the
release of the neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
AChE - Correct Answers -Acetylcholinesterase; it is an enzyme that will basically eat up
and destroy the leftover acetylcholine so that the muscle doesn't continue to contract
Sodium and Potassium - Correct Answers -Just know that sodium will always be
entering and depolarizing the cell to start an action potential and potassium will always
leave the cell once voltage gets super high to return the cell back to normal
Interneurons - Correct Answers -located in CNS; transmits impulses between other
neurons (apart of reflex arcs)
, Afferent Neurons - Correct Answers -Sensory neurons in PNS; signals sent to the brian
Efferent Neurons - Correct Answers -Motor neurons in PNS; signals sent away from
brian (to target)
Somatic - Correct Answers -Bones muscles and skin (motor and sensory divisions)
Visceral - Correct Answers -Autonomic; Organs and glands (motor and sensory
divisions)
Visceral motor divisions - Correct Answers -sympathetic and parasympathetic
Caffeine - Correct Answers -Stimulates sarcolemmas of cardiac conduction cells
Nicotine - Correct Answers -Stimulates nicotinic Ach receptors on sympathetic post-
ganglionic neurons
Beta-blockers (propranolol) - Correct Answers -Block B-adrenergic receptors (block
norepinephrine)
Properties - Correct Answers -Excitability, conductivity, contractility, extensibility,
elasticity
Excitability - Correct Answers -respond to chemicals released from motor neurons
Conductivity - Correct Answers -ability to propagate electrical signals over membrane
Contractility - Correct Answers -ability to shorten and generate force
Extensibility - Correct Answers -ability to be stretched without damaging the tissue
Elasticity - Correct Answers -ability to return to its original shape after being stretched
Skeletal - Correct Answers -voluntary, striated, multinucleated, sarcomeres
Smooth - Correct Answers -involuntary, mononucleated, spindle shaped, organs
Cardiac - Correct Answers -involuntary, have gap junctions/ intercalated discs that
connect them electrically, mononucleated, striated branched
Anatomy of muscles - Correct Answers -Muscle>fascicle>muscle
fiber(cell)>myofibrils>myofilaments
Steps of Excitation-contraction coupling - Correct Answers -1. Calcium binds to troponin
2. Tropomyosin reveals the active sites on the actin molecule 3. Myosin binds to the
