BIO 141 - EXAM 3 (CHAPTER 9)
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Define a joint or articulation - Correct Answers -A joint, or articulation, is the place of
contact b/t bones, b/t bone and cartilage, or b/t bones and teeth.
Name and describe the composition of the three different structural classifications of
joints. - Correct Answers -Joints are classified by both their structural characteristics
and the movement they allow. Structurally, they are categorized on whether a space
occurs b/t the articulating bones and the type of connective tissue that binds the
articulating surface of the bones:
- Fibrous Joints have no joint cavity and occur where bones are held together by dense
regular (fibrous) connective tissue. (Ex: Articulation b/t radius and ulna, b/t ribia and
fibula.)
- Cartilaginous Joints have no joint cavity and occur where bones are joined by
cartilage. (Ex: Intervertebral disc articulations)
- Synovial Joints have a fluid-filled joint cavity that separates the articulating surface of
the bones. The articulating surfaces are enclosed w/in a connective tissue capsule, and
the bones are attached to each other by various ligaments. (Ex: Hip joint)
Name and describe the amount of movement of the four functional classifications of
joints - Correct Answers -Functional classification address the extend of movement a
joint allows.
- A synarthrosis is an immobile joint.
- An amphiarthrosis is a slightly mobile joint.
- A diarthrosis is a freely mobile joint. (All synovial joints are diarthroses.)
Explain the three types of fibrous joints, using examples. - Correct Answers --
Gomphosis: a "peg in a socket." The only one in the human body is the teeth in the
periodontal membrane. Classified as a synarthrosis.
- Sutures: immobile fibrous joints found only b/t certain skull bones. They have distinct,
interlocking edges that increase strenght and descrease the number of fractures at
these articulations. Classified as synarthrosis.
- Syndesmoses are fibrous joints in which articulating bones are joined by long strands
of dense regular connective tissues only. They allow for slight mobility, so are classified
as amphiarthroses. (Found b/t the radius and ulna and the tibia and fibula.)
, Explain the two types of cartilaginous joints using examples - Correct Answers --
Synchondrosis - an articulation in which bones are joined by hyaline cartilage. (All are
immobile and classified as synarthroses.) (Ex: The costochondral joint, b/t each rib and
its respective costal caritlage is a synchondrosis.)
- A symphysis has a pad of fibrocartilage b/t the articulating bones. It resists
compression and tension stressors and acts as a resilient shock absorber. Classified as
amphiarthroses. (Ex: The pubic symphysis, which becomes more mobile in pregnant
females to allow the fetus to pass through the birth canal.) (Ex2: Intervertebral discs.
Name the seven basic features common to all synovial joints. (Refer to Figure 9.4) -
Correct Answers -- Articular capsule
- Joint cavity
- Synovial fluid
- Articular cartilage
- Ligaments
- Nerves
- Blood Vessels
Explain the composition and three functions of synovial fluid - Correct Answers -
Synovial fluid is a viscous, oily substance located w/in a synovial joint. It is produced by
both the synovial membrane cells and filtrate formed from blood plasma. It has three
functions:
1. Lubricate the articular cartilage on the surface of articulating bones
2. Nourish the articular cartilage's chondrocytes. (It must be circulated continuously to
provide nutrients and remove waste.)
3. Act as a shock absorber, distributing stress and force evenly across the articular
surface when pressure in the joint increases.
Briefly explain the functions of the following accessory structures of synovial joints:
- Bursae
- Tendon Sheath
- Fat pads - Correct Answers -- Bursae: fibrous, sac-like structures that contain synovial
fluid and are lined internally by a synovial membrance. They are associated w/ most
synovial joints and are where bones, ligaments, muscles, skin, or tendons overlie each
other and rub together.
- Tendon sheath: an elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon where there may be
excessive friction. Particularly common in confined spaces of the wrist and ankle.
- Fat pads: the "packing material" of the joint; distributed along the periphery of a
synovial joint.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Define a joint or articulation - Correct Answers -A joint, or articulation, is the place of
contact b/t bones, b/t bone and cartilage, or b/t bones and teeth.
Name and describe the composition of the three different structural classifications of
joints. - Correct Answers -Joints are classified by both their structural characteristics
and the movement they allow. Structurally, they are categorized on whether a space
occurs b/t the articulating bones and the type of connective tissue that binds the
articulating surface of the bones:
- Fibrous Joints have no joint cavity and occur where bones are held together by dense
regular (fibrous) connective tissue. (Ex: Articulation b/t radius and ulna, b/t ribia and
fibula.)
- Cartilaginous Joints have no joint cavity and occur where bones are joined by
cartilage. (Ex: Intervertebral disc articulations)
- Synovial Joints have a fluid-filled joint cavity that separates the articulating surface of
the bones. The articulating surfaces are enclosed w/in a connective tissue capsule, and
the bones are attached to each other by various ligaments. (Ex: Hip joint)
Name and describe the amount of movement of the four functional classifications of
joints - Correct Answers -Functional classification address the extend of movement a
joint allows.
- A synarthrosis is an immobile joint.
- An amphiarthrosis is a slightly mobile joint.
- A diarthrosis is a freely mobile joint. (All synovial joints are diarthroses.)
Explain the three types of fibrous joints, using examples. - Correct Answers --
Gomphosis: a "peg in a socket." The only one in the human body is the teeth in the
periodontal membrane. Classified as a synarthrosis.
- Sutures: immobile fibrous joints found only b/t certain skull bones. They have distinct,
interlocking edges that increase strenght and descrease the number of fractures at
these articulations. Classified as synarthrosis.
- Syndesmoses are fibrous joints in which articulating bones are joined by long strands
of dense regular connective tissues only. They allow for slight mobility, so are classified
as amphiarthroses. (Found b/t the radius and ulna and the tibia and fibula.)
, Explain the two types of cartilaginous joints using examples - Correct Answers --
Synchondrosis - an articulation in which bones are joined by hyaline cartilage. (All are
immobile and classified as synarthroses.) (Ex: The costochondral joint, b/t each rib and
its respective costal caritlage is a synchondrosis.)
- A symphysis has a pad of fibrocartilage b/t the articulating bones. It resists
compression and tension stressors and acts as a resilient shock absorber. Classified as
amphiarthroses. (Ex: The pubic symphysis, which becomes more mobile in pregnant
females to allow the fetus to pass through the birth canal.) (Ex2: Intervertebral discs.
Name the seven basic features common to all synovial joints. (Refer to Figure 9.4) -
Correct Answers -- Articular capsule
- Joint cavity
- Synovial fluid
- Articular cartilage
- Ligaments
- Nerves
- Blood Vessels
Explain the composition and three functions of synovial fluid - Correct Answers -
Synovial fluid is a viscous, oily substance located w/in a synovial joint. It is produced by
both the synovial membrane cells and filtrate formed from blood plasma. It has three
functions:
1. Lubricate the articular cartilage on the surface of articulating bones
2. Nourish the articular cartilage's chondrocytes. (It must be circulated continuously to
provide nutrients and remove waste.)
3. Act as a shock absorber, distributing stress and force evenly across the articular
surface when pressure in the joint increases.
Briefly explain the functions of the following accessory structures of synovial joints:
- Bursae
- Tendon Sheath
- Fat pads - Correct Answers -- Bursae: fibrous, sac-like structures that contain synovial
fluid and are lined internally by a synovial membrance. They are associated w/ most
synovial joints and are where bones, ligaments, muscles, skin, or tendons overlie each
other and rub together.
- Tendon sheath: an elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon where there may be
excessive friction. Particularly common in confined spaces of the wrist and ankle.
- Fat pads: the "packing material" of the joint; distributed along the periphery of a
synovial joint.
