MIAMI UNIVERSITY BIO 203 FINAL
EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
(RATED A+0
For cell signaling receptors will be either _______________ or in the membrane. -
ANSWERinternal
If a receptor is internal the signaling molecule is __________ soluble and (is/is not)
able to cross the membrane. - ANSWERlipid, is
The glucose transporter will travel to the plasma membrane via _____________,
where it will transport glucose into the cell with ___________________________. -
ANSWERvesicle, facilitated diffusion
The glucose level is decreased by _______________________. - ANSWERbringing
it in the cell
AKT decreases __________ activity and increases _____________ activity, leading
to glycogen being formed in the cell to store glucose. - ANSWERGSK-3,
phosphatase
If a receptor is in the membrane the signaling molecule is __________ soluble and
(is/is not) able to cross the membrane. - ANSWERwater, is not
telophase - ANSWERChromosomes decondense into the chromatin level of
packaging, getting rid of condensin. Intermediate filaments that make up the nuclear
envelope are reformed by removing the phosphate from the lamin. The nuclear
envelope reforms and the mitotic spindle is removed. This is a reversal of the events
of prophase.
cytokinesis - ANSWERThe cytoplasm is split by a contractile ring formed from actin
filaments. This creates 2 new cells. The remnants of the interpolar filaments are
used as guides to know where the contractile ring should form.
division of organelles - ANSWERER and golgi are divided in half and more can be
made as needed. Mitochondria and chloroplasts go through replication during
interphase. All other organelles are randomly distributed and divided. If the cell is
missing something it will make it.
apoptosis vs necrosis - ANSWERApoptosis controls the number of cells and is
programmed cell death. Necrosis is cell death from damage and can be very messy.
, caspase proteins in apoptosis - ANSWERProcaspase proteins are normally inside of
a cell, inactive. They have to be cleaved and dimerize to be activated. Once an
initiator caspase is active it will activate executioner caspases, which carry out the
process of systematically breaking down the cell.
Since membrane receptors stay on the outside of the cell they will have to activate
an ______________ and a ____________________ inside the cell. -
ANSWEReffector, second messenger
______________ are membrane bound. ________________ travel in the cell. -
ANSWEReffectors, second messengers
4 types of cell signaling - ANSWERendocrine, paracrine, synaptic, contact-
dependent
endocrine - ANSWERLong distance range, can travel anywhere in the body
paracrine - ANSWERMore local, 1 signaling molecule can activate several cells in
the vicinity.
synaptic - ANSWERjust 1 cell being activated
contact-dependent - ANSWERActivation when cells come into contact with each
other.
types of membrane receptors - ANSWERIon channel coupled, G-protein coupled,
and enzyme coupled
ion channel coupled receptors - ANSWERChannel is nearby and we can open it up.
Mostly neurotransmitters.
G-protein coupled receptors - ANSWERReceptor spans membrane 7 times, part on
inside, part on outside.
G-protein - ANSWERTrimeric, has alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. Alpha is the
GTP/GDP binding domain, while beta and gamma stay together. GDP is bound
when the signal and receptor are separate, GTP is bound when the signal and
receptor are bound. This change takes place simultaneously as subunits separate.
Alpha with GTP is active, with GDP it's inactive and all 3 subunits are together.
How do G-protein coupled receptors work? - ANSWERA signal molecule binds the
receptor and the G-protein interacts with the receptor. Each subunit can activate
different effectors.
G-beta-gamma complex - ANSWERcan open channels
G-alpha subunit - ANSWERGenerally interacts with an enzyme in the membrane,
which is the effector. The specific effector and 2nd messenger depend on the
specific G-alpha.
EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
(RATED A+0
For cell signaling receptors will be either _______________ or in the membrane. -
ANSWERinternal
If a receptor is internal the signaling molecule is __________ soluble and (is/is not)
able to cross the membrane. - ANSWERlipid, is
The glucose transporter will travel to the plasma membrane via _____________,
where it will transport glucose into the cell with ___________________________. -
ANSWERvesicle, facilitated diffusion
The glucose level is decreased by _______________________. - ANSWERbringing
it in the cell
AKT decreases __________ activity and increases _____________ activity, leading
to glycogen being formed in the cell to store glucose. - ANSWERGSK-3,
phosphatase
If a receptor is in the membrane the signaling molecule is __________ soluble and
(is/is not) able to cross the membrane. - ANSWERwater, is not
telophase - ANSWERChromosomes decondense into the chromatin level of
packaging, getting rid of condensin. Intermediate filaments that make up the nuclear
envelope are reformed by removing the phosphate from the lamin. The nuclear
envelope reforms and the mitotic spindle is removed. This is a reversal of the events
of prophase.
cytokinesis - ANSWERThe cytoplasm is split by a contractile ring formed from actin
filaments. This creates 2 new cells. The remnants of the interpolar filaments are
used as guides to know where the contractile ring should form.
division of organelles - ANSWERER and golgi are divided in half and more can be
made as needed. Mitochondria and chloroplasts go through replication during
interphase. All other organelles are randomly distributed and divided. If the cell is
missing something it will make it.
apoptosis vs necrosis - ANSWERApoptosis controls the number of cells and is
programmed cell death. Necrosis is cell death from damage and can be very messy.
, caspase proteins in apoptosis - ANSWERProcaspase proteins are normally inside of
a cell, inactive. They have to be cleaved and dimerize to be activated. Once an
initiator caspase is active it will activate executioner caspases, which carry out the
process of systematically breaking down the cell.
Since membrane receptors stay on the outside of the cell they will have to activate
an ______________ and a ____________________ inside the cell. -
ANSWEReffector, second messenger
______________ are membrane bound. ________________ travel in the cell. -
ANSWEReffectors, second messengers
4 types of cell signaling - ANSWERendocrine, paracrine, synaptic, contact-
dependent
endocrine - ANSWERLong distance range, can travel anywhere in the body
paracrine - ANSWERMore local, 1 signaling molecule can activate several cells in
the vicinity.
synaptic - ANSWERjust 1 cell being activated
contact-dependent - ANSWERActivation when cells come into contact with each
other.
types of membrane receptors - ANSWERIon channel coupled, G-protein coupled,
and enzyme coupled
ion channel coupled receptors - ANSWERChannel is nearby and we can open it up.
Mostly neurotransmitters.
G-protein coupled receptors - ANSWERReceptor spans membrane 7 times, part on
inside, part on outside.
G-protein - ANSWERTrimeric, has alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. Alpha is the
GTP/GDP binding domain, while beta and gamma stay together. GDP is bound
when the signal and receptor are separate, GTP is bound when the signal and
receptor are bound. This change takes place simultaneously as subunits separate.
Alpha with GTP is active, with GDP it's inactive and all 3 subunits are together.
How do G-protein coupled receptors work? - ANSWERA signal molecule binds the
receptor and the G-protein interacts with the receptor. Each subunit can activate
different effectors.
G-beta-gamma complex - ANSWERcan open channels
G-alpha subunit - ANSWERGenerally interacts with an enzyme in the membrane,
which is the effector. The specific effector and 2nd messenger depend on the
specific G-alpha.
