BIOL 373 Midterm 1 (Unit 1, 2 and 3) Exam
Questions With Correct Answers
What is physiology? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-the science of the function of living
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systems
What is homeostasis? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-the maintenance of a relatively
| | | | | | | | | |
stable internal environment (especially ECF)
| | | | |
-oscillation around a set point | | | |
Who is Walter Cannon? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-the father of physiology
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coined the term "homeostasis"
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What is the difference between local and reflex control? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-
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Local control = cells near site of change initiate response
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Reflex control = cells at a distant site control response
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What is negative feedback? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-stabilizes variable (correction
| | | | | | | |
in opposite direction of change)
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What is feedforward mechanism? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-control anticipates
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change
What is positive feedback? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-reinforces stimulus (NOT
| | | | | | | | |
homeostatic)
,What are the 3 ways cells can communicate long range? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-
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endocrine - chemical released in blood and distributed throughout the body
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neural - electrical signal travels down neuron then becomes chemical which
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travels to target cell
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neuroendocrine - electrical signal travels travel down neuron then becomes
| | | | | | | | | |
chemical signal that is secreted into the blood
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What determines what type of receptors ligands will interact with? - CORRECT
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ANSWER✔✔-chemical properties of the ligands | | | | |
surface receptor = hydrophillic/lipophobic/water soluble
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intracellular receptor = hydrophobic/lipophillic/water insoluble
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How can cells change their response to different signals? - CORRECT
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ANSWER✔✔-change receptor number or sensitivity | | | |
increase = increase expression of gene that codes for receptor or increase
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expression of receptor proteins on cell surface
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decrease = internalize surface receptors
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change receptor sensitivity = phosphorylation
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How is a GPCR activated? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔--signal molecule binds to
| | | | | | | | | | |
receptor and causes conformational change
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-activates G protein by exchanging GDP for GTP
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-when GTp binds alpha subunit+GTP dissociates from the B and gamma subunits
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-G alpha subunit turns itself off by hydrolizing GTP
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, What affect does Cholera Toxin have on the inactivation of G alpha subunit? -
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CORRECT ANSWER✔✔--blocks GTP hydrolysis (GTPase activity)
| | | | |
-results in persistent activation of adenylate cyclase
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What are Cannon's Postulates? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔--the nervous system has
| | | | | | | | | |
a role in maintaining the 'fitness' of the internal environment
| | | | | | | | | |
-some systems under tonic control
| | | |
-some systems are under antagonistic control
| | | | | |
-one chemical signal can have different effects in different tissues
| | | | | | | | |
Specificity of neural vs. endocrine control - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-neural = single
| | | | | | | | | | |
target cell or limited number of adjacent target cells
| | | | | | | |
endocrine = exposed to all cells but only those which receptors responsd
| | | | | | | | | | |
Nature of signal for neural vs. endocrine control - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-neural =
| | | | | | | | | | |
electrical signal that turns chemical (neurotransmitter)
| | | | | | |
endocrine = chemical signals | | |
Speed of neural vs. endocrine control - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-neural = very rapid
| | | | | | | | | | |
endocrine = much slower than neural responses
| | | | | |
Duration of action in neural vs. endocrine control - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-neural
| | | | | | | | | | |
= usually very short
| | |
endocrine = longer than neural responses| | | | |
Questions With Correct Answers
What is physiology? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-the science of the function of living
| | | | | | | | | | | |
systems
What is homeostasis? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-the maintenance of a relatively
| | | | | | | | | |
stable internal environment (especially ECF)
| | | | |
-oscillation around a set point | | | |
Who is Walter Cannon? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-the father of physiology
| | | | | | | | |
coined the term "homeostasis"
| | |
What is the difference between local and reflex control? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-
| | | | | | | | | | |
Local control = cells near site of change initiate response
| | | | | | | | | |
Reflex control = cells at a distant site control response
| | | | | | | | |
What is negative feedback? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-stabilizes variable (correction
| | | | | | | |
in opposite direction of change)
| | | | |
What is feedforward mechanism? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-control anticipates
| | | | | | | |
change
What is positive feedback? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-reinforces stimulus (NOT
| | | | | | | | |
homeostatic)
,What are the 3 ways cells can communicate long range? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-
| | | | | | | | | | | |
endocrine - chemical released in blood and distributed throughout the body
| | | | | | | | | | |
neural - electrical signal travels down neuron then becomes chemical which
| | | | | | | | | | |
travels to target cell
| | |
neuroendocrine - electrical signal travels travel down neuron then becomes
| | | | | | | | | |
chemical signal that is secreted into the blood
| | | | | | |
What determines what type of receptors ligands will interact with? - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-chemical properties of the ligands | | | | |
surface receptor = hydrophillic/lipophobic/water soluble
| | | |
intracellular receptor = hydrophobic/lipophillic/water insoluble
| | | |
How can cells change their response to different signals? - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-change receptor number or sensitivity | | | |
increase = increase expression of gene that codes for receptor or increase
| | | | | | | | | | | |
expression of receptor proteins on cell surface
| | | | | | |
decrease = internalize surface receptors
| | | | |
change receptor sensitivity = phosphorylation
| | | |
How is a GPCR activated? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔--signal molecule binds to
| | | | | | | | | | |
receptor and causes conformational change
| | | |
-activates G protein by exchanging GDP for GTP
| | | | | | |
-when GTp binds alpha subunit+GTP dissociates from the B and gamma subunits
| | | | | | | | | | |
-G alpha subunit turns itself off by hydrolizing GTP
| | | | | | | |
, What affect does Cholera Toxin have on the inactivation of G alpha subunit? -
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔--blocks GTP hydrolysis (GTPase activity)
| | | | |
-results in persistent activation of adenylate cyclase
| | | | | |
What are Cannon's Postulates? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔--the nervous system has
| | | | | | | | | |
a role in maintaining the 'fitness' of the internal environment
| | | | | | | | | |
-some systems under tonic control
| | | |
-some systems are under antagonistic control
| | | | | |
-one chemical signal can have different effects in different tissues
| | | | | | | | |
Specificity of neural vs. endocrine control - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-neural = single
| | | | | | | | | | |
target cell or limited number of adjacent target cells
| | | | | | | |
endocrine = exposed to all cells but only those which receptors responsd
| | | | | | | | | | |
Nature of signal for neural vs. endocrine control - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-neural =
| | | | | | | | | | |
electrical signal that turns chemical (neurotransmitter)
| | | | | | |
endocrine = chemical signals | | |
Speed of neural vs. endocrine control - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-neural = very rapid
| | | | | | | | | | |
endocrine = much slower than neural responses
| | | | | |
Duration of action in neural vs. endocrine control - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-neural
| | | | | | | | | | |
= usually very short
| | |
endocrine = longer than neural responses| | | | |
