Bio 1100 Exam Questions And Answers
\.Four major classes of macromolecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
\.all organic molecules
contain carbon. --- and may contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and some other minor
elements
\.Macromolecules consist of individual subunits called
Monomers
\.Monomers are linked together via covalent bonds into
Polymers
\.Dehydration synthesis
wo molecules of glucose arelinked to form the disaccharide maltose
\.A water molecule is formed as the two monosaccharides linked by a
covalent bond
\.Hydrolysis
process of breaking polymers down into individualmonomers - also known as a dehydration
reactionWater serves as a reactant; one monomer receives a H+ and theother monomer
receives an OH-
\.Enzymes
are biological molecules that catalyze or "speedup" reactions
\.Dehydration reactions form new bonds/require energy
Hydrolysis reactions break bonds/release energy
\.Specific enzymes exists for each macromolecule class
, Carbohydrates - broken down by amylase, sucrase, lactase, maltase•
Lipids - broken down by lipases•
Proteins - broken down by pepsin and peptidase
\.Carbohydrates
Broken down to glucose to provide energy.
Represented by the general formula(CH2O)n *2 and n are subscripts*
Ratio of Carbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen is 1:2:1
\.carbohydrate subtypes v
1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides
\.Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides usually have 3-7 carbons
• End with the suffix -ose
• Contain a carbonyl group C=O
• Aldoses - carbonyl group (indicated in green) at the end of the carbon chain
• Ketoses - carbonyl group in the middle of the carbon chain
• Trioses - three carbons
• Pentoses - five carbons•
Hexoses - six carbons
\.Disaccharide
form when two monosaccharides are linked in dehydration reaction
\.Chitin
The hard exoskeleton of arthropods is composed of the polysaccharide
\.Lipids are a diverse group of non-polar hydrocarbons
Non-polar hydrocarbons are hydrophobic (water-fearing)
\.function of lipids
• Long-term energy stores
• Provide insulation from environment for plants and animals
• Serve as building blocks for some hormones
• Important component of cellular membranes
\.Four major classes of macromolecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
\.all organic molecules
contain carbon. --- and may contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and some other minor
elements
\.Macromolecules consist of individual subunits called
Monomers
\.Monomers are linked together via covalent bonds into
Polymers
\.Dehydration synthesis
wo molecules of glucose arelinked to form the disaccharide maltose
\.A water molecule is formed as the two monosaccharides linked by a
covalent bond
\.Hydrolysis
process of breaking polymers down into individualmonomers - also known as a dehydration
reactionWater serves as a reactant; one monomer receives a H+ and theother monomer
receives an OH-
\.Enzymes
are biological molecules that catalyze or "speedup" reactions
\.Dehydration reactions form new bonds/require energy
Hydrolysis reactions break bonds/release energy
\.Specific enzymes exists for each macromolecule class
, Carbohydrates - broken down by amylase, sucrase, lactase, maltase•
Lipids - broken down by lipases•
Proteins - broken down by pepsin and peptidase
\.Carbohydrates
Broken down to glucose to provide energy.
Represented by the general formula(CH2O)n *2 and n are subscripts*
Ratio of Carbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen is 1:2:1
\.carbohydrate subtypes v
1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides
\.Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides usually have 3-7 carbons
• End with the suffix -ose
• Contain a carbonyl group C=O
• Aldoses - carbonyl group (indicated in green) at the end of the carbon chain
• Ketoses - carbonyl group in the middle of the carbon chain
• Trioses - three carbons
• Pentoses - five carbons•
Hexoses - six carbons
\.Disaccharide
form when two monosaccharides are linked in dehydration reaction
\.Chitin
The hard exoskeleton of arthropods is composed of the polysaccharide
\.Lipids are a diverse group of non-polar hydrocarbons
Non-polar hydrocarbons are hydrophobic (water-fearing)
\.function of lipids
• Long-term energy stores
• Provide insulation from environment for plants and animals
• Serve as building blocks for some hormones
• Important component of cellular membranes
