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Samenvatting - Neurofysiologie

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Dit is een samenvatting van het vak Neurofysiologie, gedoceert aan de KU Leuven Campus Brugge door Prof. Hans Isselée.

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October 2, 2025
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36
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2024/2025
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Neurofysiologie
Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1: De motorische eenheid.....................................................................5
1. Motorische respons......................................................................................... 5
1.1. Antagonistische organisatie.....................................................................5
1.2. Motorische componenten.........................................................................5
1.3. Soorten bewegingen................................................................................. 5
2. Ballistische of geleidelijke beweging..............................................................5
2.1. Ballistische beweging............................................................................... 5
2.2. Geleidelijke beweging...............................................................................5
3. Somatisch motorisch systeem........................................................................6
3.1. Types spiervezels..................................................................................... 6
3.2. Innervatieratio.......................................................................................... 6
3.3. Motorische eenheid.................................................................................. 6
3.4. Variabele kracht van een spier.................................................................6
4. Het lagere-motorneuron of -motorneuron......................................................7
4.1. Somatotopische organisatie van de ventrale hoorn.................................7
4.2. neurogrootte............................................................................................ 7
5. Interneuronen................................................................................................. 7
5.1. Functies.................................................................................................... 8
6. Afferente info uit de spier...............................................................................8
6.1. Spierspoel................................................................................................. 8
6.2. Peesorgaan............................................................................................... 9
7. Neurale connecties......................................................................................... 9
Hoofdstuk 2: Het ruggenmerg...............................................................................9
1. Reflexen......................................................................................................... 9
1.1. Indeling van de reflexen.........................................................................10
1.2. Proprioceptieve en exteroceptieve reflexen...........................................10
b. dalende exteroceptieve invloeden : zorgen voor de initiatie tot bwg........11
1.3. spierspindels.......................................................................................... 11
1.4. myotatische reflex.................................................................................. 11
1.5. Reciproke inhibitie..................................................................................11
1.6. Autogene inhibitie.................................................................................. 12
2. Afferenten en efferenten..............................................................................12

1

, 2.1. Ia en II-afferenten................................................................................... 12
2.2. Ib-afferenten........................................................................................... 12
2.3. Gamma efferenten................................................................................. 12
2.4. Regulatie van de contractie parameters................................................12
2.5. Alfa-gamma co-activatie.........................................................................13
3. Peesorganen................................................................................................. 13
3.1. Effecten bij schade.................................................................................13
Hoofdstuk 3 : De hersenstam.............................................................................. 13
1. De formatio reticularis..................................................................................13
1.1. Functies.................................................................................................. 14
1.2. Afferente input....................................................................................... 14
1.3. Motorische functies van FR.....................................................................14
1.4. Kernen in de FR...................................................................................... 14
1.5. Reticulaire neuronen..............................................................................15
1.6. Regeling van de spiertonus....................................................................15
1.7. Invloeden en beïnvloedingen..................................................................16
1.8. reticulaire activatiesysteem ARAS..........................................................17
2. Het vestibulaire systeem.............................................................................. 17
2.1. Functies.................................................................................................. 17
2.2. Structuren van het vestibulair orgaan (= evenwichtsorgaan)................17
2.3. vestibulaire kernen.................................................................................19
2.4. Oogbewegingen...................................................................................... 19
2.5. Vestibulaire reflexen...............................................................................19
prHoofdstuk 4: de motorische cortex...................................................................20
1. Corticale motorische gebieden.....................................................................20
2. Somatotopische organisatie van de motorische cortex................................20
3. Columnaire organisatie van de motorische cortex.......................................21
3.1. Efferente karakteristieken......................................................................21
3.2. Afferente karakteristieken......................................................................22
4. Corticale long loop reflexboog......................................................................22
4.1. Transcorticale reflex (cortical long loop)................................................22
5. De premotore gebieden: SMA en PM............................................................22
5.1. Functies van de premotore gebieden.....................................................22
5.2. input en output van de premotore gebieden..........................................23
5.3. Premotore cortex (PMC).........................................................................23


2

, 5.4. Supplementaire motorische cortex (SMA)..............................................23
Hoofdstuk 5: de corticale motorische gebieden...................................................24
1. De motorische dalende projectiebanen........................................................24
1.1. Lateraal systeem.................................................................................... 24
1.2. Mediaal systeem..................................................................................... 25
2. Samenvattend.............................................................................................. 25
2.1. Functies.................................................................................................. 25
2.2. Stoornissen............................................................................................. 25
Hoofdstuk 6: het cerebellum................................................................................26
1. Eigenschappen............................................................................................. 26
1.1. Input....................................................................................................... 26
2. Functies........................................................................................................ 26
2.1. Kringloop................................................................................................ 26
2.2. Functies.................................................................................................. 26
2.3. Baan van de info..................................................................................... 27
2.4. Recente bevinding.................................................................................. 27
3. Functionele systemen van het cerebellum...................................................27
3.1. Cerebro-cerebellair systeem...................................................................27
3.2. Spino-cerebellair systeem......................................................................27
3.3. Vestibulo-cerebellair systeem................................................................28
4. Cerebellaire cortex....................................................................................... 28
4.1. Motorische geheugen............................................................................. 28
4.2. Bouw van de cortex................................................................................28
4.3. Lokale interneuronen..............................................................................29
4.4. Leren: lange termijn depressie...............................................................29
4.5. Modifiëerbare synaps of synaps plasticiteit............................................29
5. Finale output van het cerebellum.................................................................30
Hoofdstuk 7: basale ganglia.................................................................................30
1. structuren..................................................................................................... 31
1.1. Functie.................................................................................................... 31
2. werking......................................................................................................... 32
2.1. Controlerende rol in de motoriek............................................................32
3. belang en functie.......................................................................................... 33
4. stoornissen................................................................................................... 33
Hoofdstuk 8: het auditief systeem.......................................................................34


3

, 1. structuren..................................................................................................... 34
1.1. Functies.................................................................................................. 34
2. cochlea – slakkenhuis................................................................................... 34
2.1. Bouw....................................................................................................... 34
2.2. Orgaan van Corti.................................................................................... 35
3. werking van het gehoor................................................................................ 35




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