GMS 6552 Exam 2 with correct answers

GMS 6552 Exam 2 with correct answers |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\




Oncogene - correct answer✔✔A gene that causes or contributes to the development of cancer
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Hallmarks of Cancer - correct answer✔✔Sustaining proliferative signaling |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\




Evading growth suppressors |||\\\ |||\\\




Activating invasion and metastasis |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\




Enabling replicative immortality |||\\\ |||\\\




Inducing angiogenesis |||\\\




Resisting cell death |||\\\ |||\\\




In vivo oncogenic evidence - correct answer✔✔Cause cancer when activated in a transgenic
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animal

Render nontumorigenic cells tumorigenic
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Knock down or knock out in tumorigenic cells renders the cells nontumorigenic
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Activation/overexpression of the oncogene is strongly correlated with human cancer |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\




In vitro oncogenic evidence - correct answer✔✔Causes anchorage-independent growth in soft
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agar (protection from anoikis)
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Causes focus formation (loss of contact inhibition)
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Renders cell growth factor independent |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\




Oncogenes in Cancer - correct answer✔✔Aberrant expression of proto-oncogenes that |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\




increases cell proliferation/survival |||\\\ |||\\\




First identified in cancer-causing viruses
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Typically a dominant mechanism |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\

, Oncogene activation is usually limited to somatic tissue, but more cases of inherited oncogene
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mutations are being found |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\




Biochemical functions of oncogenes - correct answer✔✔G-proteins (Ras)
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Protein Kinases (Raf, Akt) |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\




Lipid Kinases (PI3-Kinase)
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Transcription Factors (Myc) |||\\\ |||\\\




Binding and inactivating apoptotic proteins (BCL2)
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Protein Kinase regulatory subunits (Cyclins A, E, D)
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Transcriptional coactivators (B-Catenin, YAP, TAZ) |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\




Five Ways to Activate Oncogenes - correct answer✔✔1. Mutation of gene to make it
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overactive

2. Amplification of a normal gene
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3. Chromosomal Rearrangement
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4. Promoter/enhancer insertion
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5. Hypomethylation of oncogene
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Amplification - correct answer✔✔Multiple gene copies = too much transcript and protein
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DNA sequencing, DNA-PCR
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RNA sequencing, RNA-PCR
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Protein: Western |||\\\




Chromosomal Rearrangement - correct answer✔✔Affects regulatory region of oncogene |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\




Cytogenetics

PCR using primers
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