BIOL 235 Final Most Tested Questions Exam 2025

BIO 235 BIOL 235 Final Most Tested Questions Exam 2025 Erythrocytes contain the enzyme - -carbonic anhydrase Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes - -the conversion of metabolically produced c)2 and water into carbonic acid Fixed phagocytic macrophages - -remove most old erythrocytes from circulation Location of fixed phagocytic macrophages - -narrow capillaries of the spleen Undifferentiated cells called pluripotent stem cells reside - -in the bone marrow Pluripotent stem cells - -continuously divide and develop myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells to give rise to each of the types of blood cells Emigration or diapedesis - -the process of leukocytes squeezing through the capillary endothelium to exit the vasculature Agglutinins - -genetically-determined glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens found on the surface of an erythrocyte ESV - -volume of blood in the ventricle after ejection has been completed Increase in Esv when - -stroke volume is decreased Three cations with important effect on heart function - -k+, ca2+, and Na+ Increased blood levels of Na+ - -blocks ca2+ inflow and decreases force of contraction Excess in k+ - -blocks generation of action potentials Pharynx - -serves as a sound resonating chamber, contains tonsils, directs air flow inferiorly Larynx - -passes air form pharynx into windpipe, site of sound production Paranasal sinuses - -resonates sound, not part of the pharynx Fauces - -opening from oral cavity into pharynx Tertiary bronchus - -carries air to a segment of a lung BIO 235 Terminal bronchiole - -carries air directly into a respiratory bronchiole Pleural membranes - -surround the lungs Surfactant - -reduces surface tension at sites of gas exchange Alveoli - -actual sites of gas exchange Eupnea - -normal, quiet breathing Costal breathing - -shallow breathing using just the external intercostal muscles Compliance - -amount of effort required to expand the lungs and chest wall Inspiratory capacity - -tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume, usually about 3600 ml in males Vital capacity - -tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually about 4800 ml in males Functional residual capacity - -residual volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually about 2400 ml in males Henry's law - -states that the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas and its solubility Bohr effect - -when ph decreases, o2 saturation of hemoglobin decreases Dalton's law - -each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own partial pressure Medulla oblongata - -sets basic rhythm of breathing Pons - -includes the pontine respiratory group Blood is - -a connective tissue that consists of blood plasma (liquid) plus formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) Whole blood - -blood plasma and formed elements Blood plasma - -proteins, water, other solutes Blood plasma proteins - -albumins (54%), globulins (36%), fibrinogens (7%) Formed elements - -red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets Blood cell production - -hemopoesis, mainly occurs in red bone marrow after birth BIO 235 BIO 235 BIO 235 Reticulocyte - -from proerythrocyte, ejects nucleus Average lifespan of an erythrocyte - -120 days Rate of RBC formation by red blood cells - -equals the rate of rbc destruction by macrophages Emigration or diapedesis is - -the process by which phagocytic cells leave blood vessels WBCS use to destroy pathogens - -lysozyme, defensins, and certain anions Neutrophils - -are usually the first and most numerous responders to an infection Macrophages - -react more slowly to an infection than neutrophils do Pluripotent stem cells are derived from - -mesenchyme Megakaryoblasts - -platelet precursor cells, develop into megakaryocytes Platelet - -fragment of megakaryocyte that is enclosed by a piece of plasma membrane Platelet plug - -can stop blood loss completely if the hole in a blood vessel is small enough Hemostasis - -sequence of responses that stops bleeding, vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting Blood clot - -gel that contains formed elements of the blood entangled in fibrin threads In blood clotting - -coagulation factors are activated in sequence, resulting in a cascade of reactions that includes positive feedback cycles Extrinsic pathway of blood clotting - -fewer steps, thromboplastic leaks into the blood from cells outside (extrinsic to) blood vessels and initiates the formation of prothrombinase Intrinsic pathway of blood clotting - -more complex, occurs more slowly, activators are in direct contact with blood or contained within (intrinsic to) the blood. Outside tissue damage is not needed. Clotting pathway - -prothrombinase - prothrombin - thrombin - soluble fibrinogen - insoluble fibrin - threads of clot Common pathway - -formation of prothrombinase marks the beginning of the____ BIO 235 BIO 235 In an incompatible blood transfusion - -antibodies in the recipient's plasma bind to the antigens on the donated rbcs which causes agglutination (clumping) Antibodies in your plasma don't react with - -antigens on your red blood cells HDN - -occurs when maternal anti-rh antibodies cross the placenta and cause hemolysis of fetal rbc Abo blood typing - -blood is mixed with anti-a and anti-b serum The heart is located in - -the mediastinum Pericardium - -triple-layered sac that surrounds and protects the heart Pericardium two main parts - -fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium Fibrous pericardium - -superficial, tough, inelastic, bag that attaches to the diaphragm, prevents overstretching of the heart, anchors the heart in the mediastinum Serous pericardium - -parietal layer, visceral layer (epicardium) Visceral layer of the serous pericardium - -one of the layers of the heart wall Epicardium - -outer layer of the heart, two tissue layers visceral layer of the serous pericardium, underneath this is adipose tissue that houses the major coronary and cardiac vessels of the heart Mycardium - -middle muscular layer, responsible for the pumping action of the heart, 95% of the heart wall, cardiac muscle fibers are organized in bundles that swirl diagonally around the heart, striated like skeletal muscle but involuntary like smooth muscle Endocardium - -innermost heart layer, thin layer of endothelium over a thin layer of connective tissue, provides smooth lining for the chambers of the heart and covers the valves, continuous with the endothelial lining of the large blood vessels attached to the heart Sulci - -grooves that contain blood vessels and fat that mark the external boundaries between the various chambers Blood flows into the right atrium through - -superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus Blood flows into the left atrium through - -four pulmonary veins BIO 235 BIO 235 Fibrous skeleton of the heart - -fibrous rings support the four valves of the heart and are fused to one another Av valves - -between an atrium and a ventricle Bicuspid valve - -left atrium and left ventricle Tricuspid valve - -right atrium and right ventricle Heart valves - -prevent the backflow of blood The left side of the heart - -pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic circulation to all tissue of the body except the air sacs of the lungs The right side of the heart - -pumps deoxygenated blood into pulmonary circulation to the air sacs The left and right coronary arteries deliver - -blood to the heart Coronary veins - -drain blood from the heart into the coronary sinus Cardiac muscle fibers connect to neighboring fibers by - -intercalated discs which contain desmosomes and gap junctions Autorhythmic fibers - -pacemaker, form the cardiac conduction system Cardiac conduction systems propagate - -sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his), right and left bundle branches, purkinje fibers Authorhythmic fibers pace - -100 times a minute, natural pacemaker Conduction system - -ensures that the chambers of the heart contract in a coordinated manner Long refractory period - -prevents tetanus in cardiac muscle fibers Ecg - -recording of the electrical activity that initiates each heartbeat Depolarization - -causes contraction Repolarization - -causes relaxation of cardiac muscle fibers PQRS - -atrial depolarization (p wave) - atrial systole - depolarization of ventricle (qrs complex) - ventricular systole - repolarization of ventricular fibers (t wave) - ventricular diastole BIO 235 BIO 235 Cardiac cycle - -all of the events associated with one heartbeat Auscultation - -listening to sounds within the body, usually done with a stethoscope Stroke volume is regulated by three factors - -preload (degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts), contractility (the forcefulness of contraction of individual ventricular muscle fibers), and afterload (pressure that must be exceeded before ejection of blood from ventricles can occur) The cardiovascular center location - -medulla oblongata CV center controls - -both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves that innervate the heart Cardiac output - -equals sv x hr Stroke volume - -the volume of blood ejected by the ventricle during each contraction Basic structure of a blood vessel - -tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa Tunica interna - -innermost layer endothelium, facilitate efficient blood flow by reducing surface friction Tunica media - -muscular and connective tissue layer that displays the greatest variation among the different vessel types Tunica media vasoconstriction - -sympathetic stimulation causing contraction Tunica media vasodilation - -sympathetic stimulation decreases or presence of certain chemicals (no, lactic acid, h+) Tunica externa - -mostly of collagen and elastic fibers, supplies the vessel wall with nerves and self-vessels, helps anchor the vessels to surrounding tissue In capillaries - -nutrients, gases, and wastes are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluid Capillaries are - -microscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles and venules 5 types of blood vessels - -arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins Arteries - -carry blood from the heart to tissues Veins - -carry blood from tissues to the heart BIO 235 BIO 235 Pressure reservoir - -mechanical energy momentarily stored in stretch elastic fibers of an artery Recoil of elastic arteries - -keeps blood flowing during ventricular relaxation Capillary exchange - -most important method of capillary exchange is simple diffusion