THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS exam 2
Questions and Answers Latest 2025 A+
How does the neuromatrix model explain phantom limb
pain?
It is generated by the brain's neural network even without sensory
input
What is a neurosignature according to the neuromatrix
model?
A distinctive pattern of neural activity representing a specific
experience
What is the primary function of the S1 region in the
Neuromatrix Model of Pain?
Sensory discrimination of input
How does chronic pain affect the S1 region of the brain?
It leads to increased representation of affected body regions
Which of the following best describes cortical reorganization
in S1?
A shift in sensory representation based on attention and input
Which of the following conditions is associated with altered
S1 representation in the brain?
Chronic low back pain
What are the steps in the pain process
1. transduction 2. transmission 3. perception 4. modulation
Transduction
initiation of action potential in the periphery
Transmission
information sent up the spinal cord to the brain
Perception
Brain receives pain signal and perceives it
Modulation
The brain's ability to adjust/regulate the pain experience by
amplifying, dampening, or reshaping signals.
Is modulation limited to spinal or peripheral processes?
,No, it is a dynamic, top-down process involving multiple brain
regions.
Mechanisms of pain
Nociceptive, peripheral neuropathic, and nociplastic
Which of the following best defines nociceptive pain?
Pain arising from actual or threatened damage to non-neural
tissue due to activation of nociceptors
Which of the following characteristics is most typical of
nociceptive pain?
Localized pain with recent onset
Which medication class is commonly effective in treating
nociceptive pain?
NSAIDs
What is the primary mechanism underlying nociceptive pain?
Activation of nociceptors by harmful stimuli
Which of the following best defines peripheral neuropathic
pain
Pain caused by a lesion or disease of the peripheral
somatosensory nervous system
Which symptom is most characteristic of peripheral
neuropathic pain?
Burning or shooting pain in a dermatomal pattern
Peripheral neuropathic pain is most likely when a patient
presents with:
Pain in a dermatomal or cutaneous distribution
Which of the following findings supports a diagnosis of
peripheral neuropathic pain?
Pain with neurodynamic testing that stresses neural tissue
Which of the following best defines nociplastic pain?
Pain arising from altered nociception without clear tissue damage
or nerve injury
Which clinical presentation is most consistent with
nociplastic pain?
Pain that is diffuse, variable, and disproportionate to findings
Which of the following is a hallmark of nociplastic pain?
, Pain that is disproportionate to the extent of injury
Which psychological factors are commonly associated with
nociplastic pain?
Maladaptive beliefs and negative emotions
Of the three different mechanisms of pain, which is always
chronic?
Nociplastic pain
Allodynia
when normally non-painful stimulus is painful
Hyperalgesia
increased pain response to a normally painful stimulus
Sensitization
non-associated learning process in which repeated administration
of a stimulus results in progressive amplification of a response
Chronic pain
Pain never fully goes away, becomes variable; nervous system
disorder
What is peripheral sensitization?
Increased responsiveness and reduced threshold of nociceptors
to stimulation of their receptive fields
Which of the following mechanisms contributes to peripheral
sensitization?
Axonal sprouting and dendritic arborization
What is central sensitization?
Increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons in the CNS to
normal or subthreshold input
Which of the following is a hallmark of central sensitization?
Pain that persists beyond normal tissue healing time
Which of the following best describes the transition from
acute to chronic pain?
Nervous system sensitization persists after tissue healing
Which neurotransmitter is most commonly associated with
central sensitization and increased excitability of dorsal horn
neurons?
Glutamate
Questions and Answers Latest 2025 A+
How does the neuromatrix model explain phantom limb
pain?
It is generated by the brain's neural network even without sensory
input
What is a neurosignature according to the neuromatrix
model?
A distinctive pattern of neural activity representing a specific
experience
What is the primary function of the S1 region in the
Neuromatrix Model of Pain?
Sensory discrimination of input
How does chronic pain affect the S1 region of the brain?
It leads to increased representation of affected body regions
Which of the following best describes cortical reorganization
in S1?
A shift in sensory representation based on attention and input
Which of the following conditions is associated with altered
S1 representation in the brain?
Chronic low back pain
What are the steps in the pain process
1. transduction 2. transmission 3. perception 4. modulation
Transduction
initiation of action potential in the periphery
Transmission
information sent up the spinal cord to the brain
Perception
Brain receives pain signal and perceives it
Modulation
The brain's ability to adjust/regulate the pain experience by
amplifying, dampening, or reshaping signals.
Is modulation limited to spinal or peripheral processes?
,No, it is a dynamic, top-down process involving multiple brain
regions.
Mechanisms of pain
Nociceptive, peripheral neuropathic, and nociplastic
Which of the following best defines nociceptive pain?
Pain arising from actual or threatened damage to non-neural
tissue due to activation of nociceptors
Which of the following characteristics is most typical of
nociceptive pain?
Localized pain with recent onset
Which medication class is commonly effective in treating
nociceptive pain?
NSAIDs
What is the primary mechanism underlying nociceptive pain?
Activation of nociceptors by harmful stimuli
Which of the following best defines peripheral neuropathic
pain
Pain caused by a lesion or disease of the peripheral
somatosensory nervous system
Which symptom is most characteristic of peripheral
neuropathic pain?
Burning or shooting pain in a dermatomal pattern
Peripheral neuropathic pain is most likely when a patient
presents with:
Pain in a dermatomal or cutaneous distribution
Which of the following findings supports a diagnosis of
peripheral neuropathic pain?
Pain with neurodynamic testing that stresses neural tissue
Which of the following best defines nociplastic pain?
Pain arising from altered nociception without clear tissue damage
or nerve injury
Which clinical presentation is most consistent with
nociplastic pain?
Pain that is diffuse, variable, and disproportionate to findings
Which of the following is a hallmark of nociplastic pain?
, Pain that is disproportionate to the extent of injury
Which psychological factors are commonly associated with
nociplastic pain?
Maladaptive beliefs and negative emotions
Of the three different mechanisms of pain, which is always
chronic?
Nociplastic pain
Allodynia
when normally non-painful stimulus is painful
Hyperalgesia
increased pain response to a normally painful stimulus
Sensitization
non-associated learning process in which repeated administration
of a stimulus results in progressive amplification of a response
Chronic pain
Pain never fully goes away, becomes variable; nervous system
disorder
What is peripheral sensitization?
Increased responsiveness and reduced threshold of nociceptors
to stimulation of their receptive fields
Which of the following mechanisms contributes to peripheral
sensitization?
Axonal sprouting and dendritic arborization
What is central sensitization?
Increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons in the CNS to
normal or subthreshold input
Which of the following is a hallmark of central sensitization?
Pain that persists beyond normal tissue healing time
Which of the following best describes the transition from
acute to chronic pain?
Nervous system sensitization persists after tissue healing
Which neurotransmitter is most commonly associated with
central sensitization and increased excitability of dorsal horn
neurons?
Glutamate
