NRSG 2350 Exam 1 Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025-2026
idiopathic - Answers unknown cause
cell - Answers The basic unit of structure and function in living things
Structure supports ___________> - Answers function
Diseases are made up in cells then..... - Answers transferred to the systems
cell membrane - Answers Semi-permeable, therefore maintains homeostasis
controls movement in and out of the cell
Nucleus - Answers Control center of the cell
Cytoplasm - Answers covers the nucleus
organelles - Answers within the cytoplasm "workhouse"
Cell membrane transport - Answers -Diffusion
-ion pumps
-channels
-endocytosis
-exocytosis
Proteins - Answers transport mechanisms- assist with transport of ion and other molecules
across plasma membrane
Protein act as what on a cell surface? - Answers receptors - this binds substances including
hormones
Proteins form what to allow for transportation to a cell? - Answers channels
Enzymes are what? - Answers protein receptors
ion channels - Answers channel link receptors
passive transport - Answers Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low
concentration: simple diffusion, facilitated, osmosis
active transport - Answers requires energy, low to high. moves ions again a concentration
gradient.
ex: Na-K ATPase pump
,Endocytosis - Answers >bringing something into the cell
-the cell membrane envelops it and it forms a vesicle tobring into cell (old RBCs)
Phagocytosis - Answers bringing large molecules in, such as bacteria
Pinocytosis - Answers Cell drinking
A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.
forms small vesicles
receptor mediated - Answers A type of endocytosis in which the cell acquires bulk quantities of
specific substances, even though they may not be very concentrated in the extracellular fluid.
-used for cholesterol, Vitamin B12 and iron to bring into the cell
Exocytosis - Answers How the cell gets rid of waste.
Exits the cell.
Osmosis causes what - Answers movement from "more watery to "less watery".
What does the cell do in the body? - Answers -movement
-conductivity(nerves = heart)
-metabolic absorption (intestines)
-secretion (enzymes)
-excretion (urine, tears)
-respiration
-reproduction
-communication
GI system - Answers -Mouth > esophagus > stomach > small intestine > large intestine > liver >
pancreas > gall bladder > rectum > anus
Excretion - Answers removal
secretion - Answers movement
What do adaptive changes allow the cell to do? - Answers survive and maintain some degree of
function. If the cell makes no changes or makes maladaptive changes as a result of stress, the
cell will not survive.
,What is cellular adaptation? - Answers the cell's response to escape and protect itself from
injury
What are some functions thats require constant adaptation in humans? - Answers -temp
-pH
-HR
- BP
-RR
-vasoconstriction/vasodilation
-metabolism
causes of atrophy - Answers -lack of use
-denervation
-estrogen decrease
-ischemia
-malnutrition
hypertrophy of the right ventricle - Answers high blood pressure, decreased cardiac output,
pushing blood against vasoconstriction
Hyperplasia response to injusry - Answers compensatory, hormonal and pathological
ex. liver damage. pollups int he intestine. prostate can cause voiding problems, skin (sebaceous
gland increase)
Metaplasia - Answers changing from one type of mature tissue to another
Metaplasia example - Answers •Pathological adaptation: Barrett's esophagus - gastric simple
columnar
epithelium extends past junction into esophagus
dysplasia - Answers abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs
characteristics of dysplasia - Answers looks very disorganized
can reverse
most likely cancer
, cell injury - Answers occurs when cells cannot adapt to new environment; can be reversible or
irreversible
cell injury causes - Answers chemicals, ischemia, free radicals, infections, mechanical, genetic,
metabolic
Cell injury: Chemical agents - Answers -direct damage - acids
metabolites - acetaminophen (liver damage)
-metals - lead (attacks enzymes in the body)
Hypoxia causes what? - Answers ATP depletion or "power failure"
How does hypoxia cause cell injury? - Answers -aerobic metabolism stops >less ATP is
produced
-anaerobic metabolism used > lactic acid produced
free radicals - Answers chemical particles with an odd number of electrons
-unstable and reactive
-removed iwth antioxidants
necrosis - Answers tissue death, cells swell and burst
-pathology involved
-cell injury is the trigger
-cells stop healing
-Ex. gangrene
Apoptosis - Answers programmed cell death
-Cells shrink
-beneficial
-old cells are replaced with new ones
ecchymosis - Answers bruising
vitiligo - Answers melanin cells are damaged
intracellular fluid - Answers fluid within cells
40% body weight
idiopathic - Answers unknown cause
cell - Answers The basic unit of structure and function in living things
Structure supports ___________> - Answers function
Diseases are made up in cells then..... - Answers transferred to the systems
cell membrane - Answers Semi-permeable, therefore maintains homeostasis
controls movement in and out of the cell
Nucleus - Answers Control center of the cell
Cytoplasm - Answers covers the nucleus
organelles - Answers within the cytoplasm "workhouse"
Cell membrane transport - Answers -Diffusion
-ion pumps
-channels
-endocytosis
-exocytosis
Proteins - Answers transport mechanisms- assist with transport of ion and other molecules
across plasma membrane
Protein act as what on a cell surface? - Answers receptors - this binds substances including
hormones
Proteins form what to allow for transportation to a cell? - Answers channels
Enzymes are what? - Answers protein receptors
ion channels - Answers channel link receptors
passive transport - Answers Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low
concentration: simple diffusion, facilitated, osmosis
active transport - Answers requires energy, low to high. moves ions again a concentration
gradient.
ex: Na-K ATPase pump
,Endocytosis - Answers >bringing something into the cell
-the cell membrane envelops it and it forms a vesicle tobring into cell (old RBCs)
Phagocytosis - Answers bringing large molecules in, such as bacteria
Pinocytosis - Answers Cell drinking
A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.
forms small vesicles
receptor mediated - Answers A type of endocytosis in which the cell acquires bulk quantities of
specific substances, even though they may not be very concentrated in the extracellular fluid.
-used for cholesterol, Vitamin B12 and iron to bring into the cell
Exocytosis - Answers How the cell gets rid of waste.
Exits the cell.
Osmosis causes what - Answers movement from "more watery to "less watery".
What does the cell do in the body? - Answers -movement
-conductivity(nerves = heart)
-metabolic absorption (intestines)
-secretion (enzymes)
-excretion (urine, tears)
-respiration
-reproduction
-communication
GI system - Answers -Mouth > esophagus > stomach > small intestine > large intestine > liver >
pancreas > gall bladder > rectum > anus
Excretion - Answers removal
secretion - Answers movement
What do adaptive changes allow the cell to do? - Answers survive and maintain some degree of
function. If the cell makes no changes or makes maladaptive changes as a result of stress, the
cell will not survive.
,What is cellular adaptation? - Answers the cell's response to escape and protect itself from
injury
What are some functions thats require constant adaptation in humans? - Answers -temp
-pH
-HR
- BP
-RR
-vasoconstriction/vasodilation
-metabolism
causes of atrophy - Answers -lack of use
-denervation
-estrogen decrease
-ischemia
-malnutrition
hypertrophy of the right ventricle - Answers high blood pressure, decreased cardiac output,
pushing blood against vasoconstriction
Hyperplasia response to injusry - Answers compensatory, hormonal and pathological
ex. liver damage. pollups int he intestine. prostate can cause voiding problems, skin (sebaceous
gland increase)
Metaplasia - Answers changing from one type of mature tissue to another
Metaplasia example - Answers •Pathological adaptation: Barrett's esophagus - gastric simple
columnar
epithelium extends past junction into esophagus
dysplasia - Answers abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs
characteristics of dysplasia - Answers looks very disorganized
can reverse
most likely cancer
, cell injury - Answers occurs when cells cannot adapt to new environment; can be reversible or
irreversible
cell injury causes - Answers chemicals, ischemia, free radicals, infections, mechanical, genetic,
metabolic
Cell injury: Chemical agents - Answers -direct damage - acids
metabolites - acetaminophen (liver damage)
-metals - lead (attacks enzymes in the body)
Hypoxia causes what? - Answers ATP depletion or "power failure"
How does hypoxia cause cell injury? - Answers -aerobic metabolism stops >less ATP is
produced
-anaerobic metabolism used > lactic acid produced
free radicals - Answers chemical particles with an odd number of electrons
-unstable and reactive
-removed iwth antioxidants
necrosis - Answers tissue death, cells swell and burst
-pathology involved
-cell injury is the trigger
-cells stop healing
-Ex. gangrene
Apoptosis - Answers programmed cell death
-Cells shrink
-beneficial
-old cells are replaced with new ones
ecchymosis - Answers bruising
vitiligo - Answers melanin cells are damaged
intracellular fluid - Answers fluid within cells
40% body weight
