FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - D203: COMPREHENSIVE
EXAM QUESTIONS AND FULLY 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS (PASS GUARANTEE)
1. What is anatomy? Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape of the
body and its parts, including their relationships to one another.
2. What is physiology? Physiology is the study of how the body and its parts
function, including the chemical and physical processes that occur.
3. What are the levels of structural organization in the human body?
Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, and
organismal level.
4. What is homeostasis? Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal
environment despite changes in external conditions.
5. What are the three components of a homeostatic control mechanism?
Receptor (sensor), control center (integrator), and effector.
6. What is negative feedback? A mechanism where the output of a system
reduces or stops the original stimulus, maintaining homeostasis.
7. Give an example of negative feedback. Body temperature regulation: when
body temperature rises, sweating occurs to cool the body down.
8. What is positive feedback? A mechanism where the output enhances or
amplifies the original stimulus, moving away from homeostasis.
9. Give an example of positive feedback. Childbirth contractions: oxytocin
release causes stronger contractions, which trigger more oxytocin release.
10. What is the anatomical position? Standing erect, feet flat, arms at sides,
palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from the body.
11. What does "superior" mean in anatomical terms? Toward the head or
upper part of a structure; above.
12. What does "inferior" mean? Away from the head or toward the lower part
of a structure; below.
13. What does "anterior" (ventral) mean? Toward or at the front of the body.
14. What does "posterior" (dorsal) mean? Toward or at the back of the body.
,15. What does "medial" mean? Toward or at the midline of the body; on the
inner side.
16. What does "lateral" mean? Away from the midline of the body; on the
outer side.
17. What does "proximal" mean? Closer to the origin of the body part or
point of attachment of a limb.
18. What does "distal" mean? Farther from the origin or point of attachment.
19. What are the two main body cavities? Dorsal (posterior) cavity and
ventral (anterior) cavity.
20. What organs are in the thoracic cavity? Heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea,
and major blood vessels.
SECTION 2: CHEMISTRY & CELLS (Q21-50)
21. What are the four major elements in the human body? Carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (96% of body weight).
22. What is an atom? The smallest unit of an element that retains the
properties of that element.
23. What is a molecule? Two or more atoms bonded together chemically.
24. What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonds? Ionic bonds
involve transfer of electrons; covalent bonds involve sharing of electrons.
25. What is pH? A measure of hydrogen ion concentration; indicates acidity or
alkalinity of a solution.
26. What pH range is considered neutral? pH 7 is neutral; below 7 is acidic,
above 7 is alkaline/basic.
27. What are the four major organic compounds in the body?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
28. What is the primary function of carbohydrates? To provide quick energy
for cellular activities.
29. What are lipids used for in the body? Energy storage, insulation,
protection, and forming cell membranes.
30. What are proteins made of? Amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
, 31. What are the functions of proteins? Structure, transport, enzymes,
antibodies, hormones, and movement.
32. What are nucleic acids? Large molecules (DNA and RNA) that store and
transmit genetic information.
33. What is ATP? Adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy currency of
cells.
34. What is the cell membrane made of? A phospholipid bilayer with
embedded proteins and cholesterol.
35. What is the function of the cell membrane? To control what enters and
exits the cell, providing selective permeability.
36. What is the nucleus? The control center of the cell containing DNA and
directing cellular activities.
37. What are mitochondria? The "powerhouses" of the cell where ATP is
produced through cellular respiration.
38. What are ribosomes? Organelles that synthesize proteins from amino
acids.
39. What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)? A network of membranes
involved in protein and lipid synthesis; rough ER has ribosomes, smooth ER
does not.
40. What is the Golgi apparatus? An organelle that modifies, packages, and
ships proteins and lipids.
41. What are lysosomes? Organelles containing digestive enzymes that break
down cellular waste and foreign materials.
42. What is passive transport? Movement of substances across the membrane
without energy expenditure (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion).
43. What is diffusion? Movement of molecules from high concentration to low
concentration until equilibrium is reached.
44. What is osmosis? Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable
membrane.
45. What is active transport? Movement of substances against a concentration
gradient, requiring ATP energy.
EXAM QUESTIONS AND FULLY 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS (PASS GUARANTEE)
1. What is anatomy? Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape of the
body and its parts, including their relationships to one another.
2. What is physiology? Physiology is the study of how the body and its parts
function, including the chemical and physical processes that occur.
3. What are the levels of structural organization in the human body?
Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, and
organismal level.
4. What is homeostasis? Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal
environment despite changes in external conditions.
5. What are the three components of a homeostatic control mechanism?
Receptor (sensor), control center (integrator), and effector.
6. What is negative feedback? A mechanism where the output of a system
reduces or stops the original stimulus, maintaining homeostasis.
7. Give an example of negative feedback. Body temperature regulation: when
body temperature rises, sweating occurs to cool the body down.
8. What is positive feedback? A mechanism where the output enhances or
amplifies the original stimulus, moving away from homeostasis.
9. Give an example of positive feedback. Childbirth contractions: oxytocin
release causes stronger contractions, which trigger more oxytocin release.
10. What is the anatomical position? Standing erect, feet flat, arms at sides,
palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from the body.
11. What does "superior" mean in anatomical terms? Toward the head or
upper part of a structure; above.
12. What does "inferior" mean? Away from the head or toward the lower part
of a structure; below.
13. What does "anterior" (ventral) mean? Toward or at the front of the body.
14. What does "posterior" (dorsal) mean? Toward or at the back of the body.
,15. What does "medial" mean? Toward or at the midline of the body; on the
inner side.
16. What does "lateral" mean? Away from the midline of the body; on the
outer side.
17. What does "proximal" mean? Closer to the origin of the body part or
point of attachment of a limb.
18. What does "distal" mean? Farther from the origin or point of attachment.
19. What are the two main body cavities? Dorsal (posterior) cavity and
ventral (anterior) cavity.
20. What organs are in the thoracic cavity? Heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea,
and major blood vessels.
SECTION 2: CHEMISTRY & CELLS (Q21-50)
21. What are the four major elements in the human body? Carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (96% of body weight).
22. What is an atom? The smallest unit of an element that retains the
properties of that element.
23. What is a molecule? Two or more atoms bonded together chemically.
24. What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonds? Ionic bonds
involve transfer of electrons; covalent bonds involve sharing of electrons.
25. What is pH? A measure of hydrogen ion concentration; indicates acidity or
alkalinity of a solution.
26. What pH range is considered neutral? pH 7 is neutral; below 7 is acidic,
above 7 is alkaline/basic.
27. What are the four major organic compounds in the body?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
28. What is the primary function of carbohydrates? To provide quick energy
for cellular activities.
29. What are lipids used for in the body? Energy storage, insulation,
protection, and forming cell membranes.
30. What are proteins made of? Amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
, 31. What are the functions of proteins? Structure, transport, enzymes,
antibodies, hormones, and movement.
32. What are nucleic acids? Large molecules (DNA and RNA) that store and
transmit genetic information.
33. What is ATP? Adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy currency of
cells.
34. What is the cell membrane made of? A phospholipid bilayer with
embedded proteins and cholesterol.
35. What is the function of the cell membrane? To control what enters and
exits the cell, providing selective permeability.
36. What is the nucleus? The control center of the cell containing DNA and
directing cellular activities.
37. What are mitochondria? The "powerhouses" of the cell where ATP is
produced through cellular respiration.
38. What are ribosomes? Organelles that synthesize proteins from amino
acids.
39. What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)? A network of membranes
involved in protein and lipid synthesis; rough ER has ribosomes, smooth ER
does not.
40. What is the Golgi apparatus? An organelle that modifies, packages, and
ships proteins and lipids.
41. What are lysosomes? Organelles containing digestive enzymes that break
down cellular waste and foreign materials.
42. What is passive transport? Movement of substances across the membrane
without energy expenditure (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion).
43. What is diffusion? Movement of molecules from high concentration to low
concentration until equilibrium is reached.
44. What is osmosis? Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable
membrane.
45. What is active transport? Movement of substances against a concentration
gradient, requiring ATP energy.
