Ax x x x x x x x x x x
x
,Chapter 1 Test A
w w w
MULTIPLE CHOICE w
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from w w w w w w w w
nonargumentsand identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
w w w w w w w w w
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wworkingmore and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more.
w w w w w w w w w w w
wForty years ago a typical woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wperforming an activity considered unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap is 90
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wminutes and growing. w w
a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
w w w w w w w w w w
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
w w w w w w w w w
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
w w w w w w w w w w
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more w w w w w w
w and relaxing less.ANS:
w w w D PTS: 2 w w
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wother metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wblood pressure(which can cause development delays in children and high blood pressure
w w w w w w w w w w w
win adults), heme production(which can lead to anemia), and sperm production. Lead also
w w w w w w w w w w w w
wdisplaces calcium in the reactions that transmit electrical impulses in the brain, which
w w w w w w w w w w w w
wdiminishes the ability to think and recall information.
w w w w w w w
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry" w w w w w w
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
w w w w w w w w w w
b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic. w w w w
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
w w w w w w w w w
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium w w w w w
w ... recall information.ANS:
w w w C PTS: 2 w
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wto choose theproper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wthat extremes of emotion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wpractical wisdom who have the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wthe capacity to follow the "right rule" whatever the situation.
w w w w w w w w w
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice w w w w w w
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.
w w w w w w w w w
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
w w w w w w w w w w
c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation.
w w w w w w w w w w
d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices
w w w w w w w w w w
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
w federal income taxand Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local
w w w w w w w w w w w
w merchants, increasing the amount these merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work
w w w w w w w w w w w w
w for low salaries, which increases the earnings of their employers and the amount of
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
w taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal immigrants contribute
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wnothing to the communities in which they live.
w w w w w w w
a. Argument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
1
, b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay.
w w w w w w w w w w
c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants pay ... Social Security tax.
w w w w w w w w
d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes.
w w w w w w w w w
e. Nonargument.
ANS: A PTS: 2
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are over-
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
warrested, over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven times
w w w w w w w w
wmore likely to be arrested for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups. Black women
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
have received significantly longer sentences for crimes against property and served longer
w w w w w w w w w w w w
periods in prison. For both murder anddrug offenses, Euroamerican women ended up serving
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
one-third less time for the same offenses than black women.
w w w w w w w w w w
Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the U.S." w w w w w w w
a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups.
w w w w w w w
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... black women.
w w w w w w w w w w
d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced.
w w w w w w w
e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer
w w w w w w w
w periods in prison.ANS: B PTS: 2
w w w w
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall.
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
w There are criminal elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wdetect unprotected PCs. Once avulnerable computer is found, these criminals install
w w w w w w w w w w
wsoftware that assists them in committing identity theft and fencing stolen IDs. They also
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wdefraud online advertisers by using these zombie computers tofvisit pay-per-click ads.
w w w w w w w w w
a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to detect unprotected PCs.
w w w w w w w w w w
b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... fencing stolen IDs.
w w w w w w w w w
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to visit pay-per-click ads.
w w w w w w w w w
e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... protected
w w w w w w w
w by a firewall.ANS: E PTS: 2
w w w w
7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all observations
w w w w w w w w w w w w
w must be made through the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the upper atmosphere
w w w w w w w w w w w w
wand the magnetosphere reflect the state of interplanetary space. The earth is also the most
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wimportant object of comparison for planetologists.
w w w w w
Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy w w w w w
a. Argument; conclusion: The phenomena ... state of interplanetary space.
w w w w w w w w
b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... for planetologists.
w w w w w w w w
c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy.
w w w w w w w w
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... w w w w w
w through the atmosphere.ANS: C
w w PTS: 2 w
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff,
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wcommunitiesabutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and the w w w w w w w w w w w
w makers of traditional medicines canbe persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then tiger
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wpoaching will be halted, habitat and life sustaining prey will be restored, and the immanent
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wextinction of tigers in the wild will be averted.
w w w w w w w w
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned.
w w w w w w w w
c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted. w w w w w w
d. Argument; conclusion: The makers of traditional medicines ... not needed.
w w w w w w w w w
2
, e. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted ... w w w w w w w
w will be averted.ANS: A PTS: 2
w w w w
9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes, we need to
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wunderstand their biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level, the
w w w w w w w w w
wneuron. How we feel, learn, remember, and think all stem from neuronal activity. So,
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
whow a neuron works and how neuronscommunicate are crucial pieces of
w w w w w w w w w w
winformation in solving the puzzle of human behavior and mental processing.
w w w w w w w w w w
Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction w w w w w
a. Argument; conclusion: To understand our behavior ... the neuron.
w w w w w w w w
b. Argument; conclusion: Humans are biological organisms. w w w w w
c. Argument; conclusion: How we feel ... neuronal activity. w w w w w w w
d. Argument; conclusion: How a neuron works ... mental processing.
w w w w w w w w
e. Nonargument.
ANS: D PTS: 2
10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wcomposed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wother properties of living organisms only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed, some
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wviruses can be crystallized and stored in a container on a shelf for years, but they retain
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wthe capacity to invade cells and cause disease.
w w w w w w w
Jacquelyn C. Black, Microbiology: Principles and Explorations w w w w w w
a. Argument; conclusion: They are composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins.
w w w w w w w w w w w w
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Viruses are acellular entities ... microscope.
w w w w w w w
d. Argument; conclusion: Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized ... cause disease.
w w w w w w w w w w
e. Argument; conclusion: Viruses replicate themselves ... w w w w w
w invaded living cells.ANS: w w B PTS: 2 w w
11. Harnessing the clean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is critical to
w w w w w w w w w w w w
wsolving the global warming problem. Technological advances have brought the cost of
w w w w w w w w w w w
electricity generated by the wind down by82 percent since 1981. Solar energy
w w w w w w w w w w w w
technology has made remarkable progress as new photovoltaic cells have been developed
w w w w w w w w w w w w
to convert even greater amounts of sunlight directly into electricity. Todaythe costs of wind
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
and solar power are becoming competitive with dirty coal- fired plants.
w w w w w w w w w w w
Sierra Club, "Global Warming Solutions" w w w w
a. Argument; conclusion: Today the costs of wind ... dirty coal-fired plants.
w w w w w w w w w w
b. Argument; conclusion: Technological advances ... by 82 percent since 1981.
w w w w w w w w w
c. Argument; conclusion: Harnessing the clean ... the global warming problem.
w w w w w w w w w
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Solar energy technology ... w w w w w
w directly into electricity.ANS: D
w w w PTS: 2 w
12. It is likely that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they did
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wnot commit. From 1973 until 2007, 124 death row inmates have been exonerated. In many of
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wthese cases DNA evidence played a crucial role. Yet, in that same time frame, more than
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
w1000 prisoners were executed. For many of these prisoners no DNA evidence was available.
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wIf such evidence had been available, howmay more would have been exonerated?
w w w w w w w w w w w
a. Argument; conclusion: In many of these cases ... played a crucial role.
w w w w w w w w w w w
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: From 1973 ... have been exonerated. w w w w w w w
d. Argument; conclusion: For many of these prisoners ... was available.
w w w w w w w w w
e. Argument; conclusion: It is likely that innocent prisoners ... they did not commit.
w w w w w w w w w w w w
3
x
,Chapter 1 Test A
w w w
MULTIPLE CHOICE w
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from w w w w w w w w
nonargumentsand identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
w w w w w w w w w
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wworkingmore and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more.
w w w w w w w w w w w
wForty years ago a typical woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wperforming an activity considered unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap is 90
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wminutes and growing. w w
a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
w w w w w w w w w w
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
w w w w w w w w w
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
w w w w w w w w w w
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more w w w w w w
w and relaxing less.ANS:
w w w D PTS: 2 w w
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wother metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wblood pressure(which can cause development delays in children and high blood pressure
w w w w w w w w w w w
win adults), heme production(which can lead to anemia), and sperm production. Lead also
w w w w w w w w w w w w
wdisplaces calcium in the reactions that transmit electrical impulses in the brain, which
w w w w w w w w w w w w
wdiminishes the ability to think and recall information.
w w w w w w w
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry" w w w w w w
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
w w w w w w w w w w
b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic. w w w w
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
w w w w w w w w w
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium w w w w w
w ... recall information.ANS:
w w w C PTS: 2 w
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wto choose theproper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wthat extremes of emotion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wpractical wisdom who have the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wthe capacity to follow the "right rule" whatever the situation.
w w w w w w w w w
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice w w w w w w
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.
w w w w w w w w w
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
w w w w w w w w w w
c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation.
w w w w w w w w w w
d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices
w w w w w w w w w w
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
w federal income taxand Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local
w w w w w w w w w w w
w merchants, increasing the amount these merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work
w w w w w w w w w w w w
w for low salaries, which increases the earnings of their employers and the amount of
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
w taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal immigrants contribute
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wnothing to the communities in which they live.
w w w w w w w
a. Argument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
1
, b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay.
w w w w w w w w w w
c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants pay ... Social Security tax.
w w w w w w w w
d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes.
w w w w w w w w w
e. Nonargument.
ANS: A PTS: 2
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are over-
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
warrested, over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven times
w w w w w w w w
wmore likely to be arrested for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups. Black women
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
have received significantly longer sentences for crimes against property and served longer
w w w w w w w w w w w w
periods in prison. For both murder anddrug offenses, Euroamerican women ended up serving
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
one-third less time for the same offenses than black women.
w w w w w w w w w w
Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the U.S." w w w w w w w
a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups.
w w w w w w w
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... black women.
w w w w w w w w w w
d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced.
w w w w w w w
e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer
w w w w w w w
w periods in prison.ANS: B PTS: 2
w w w w
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall.
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
w There are criminal elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wdetect unprotected PCs. Once avulnerable computer is found, these criminals install
w w w w w w w w w w
wsoftware that assists them in committing identity theft and fencing stolen IDs. They also
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wdefraud online advertisers by using these zombie computers tofvisit pay-per-click ads.
w w w w w w w w w
a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to detect unprotected PCs.
w w w w w w w w w w
b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... fencing stolen IDs.
w w w w w w w w w
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to visit pay-per-click ads.
w w w w w w w w w
e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... protected
w w w w w w w
w by a firewall.ANS: E PTS: 2
w w w w
7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all observations
w w w w w w w w w w w w
w must be made through the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the upper atmosphere
w w w w w w w w w w w w
wand the magnetosphere reflect the state of interplanetary space. The earth is also the most
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wimportant object of comparison for planetologists.
w w w w w
Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy w w w w w
a. Argument; conclusion: The phenomena ... state of interplanetary space.
w w w w w w w w
b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... for planetologists.
w w w w w w w w
c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy.
w w w w w w w w
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... w w w w w
w through the atmosphere.ANS: C
w w PTS: 2 w
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff,
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wcommunitiesabutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and the w w w w w w w w w w w
w makers of traditional medicines canbe persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then tiger
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wpoaching will be halted, habitat and life sustaining prey will be restored, and the immanent
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wextinction of tigers in the wild will be averted.
w w w w w w w w
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned.
w w w w w w w w
c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted. w w w w w w
d. Argument; conclusion: The makers of traditional medicines ... not needed.
w w w w w w w w w
2
, e. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted ... w w w w w w w
w will be averted.ANS: A PTS: 2
w w w w
9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes, we need to
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wunderstand their biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level, the
w w w w w w w w w
wneuron. How we feel, learn, remember, and think all stem from neuronal activity. So,
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
whow a neuron works and how neuronscommunicate are crucial pieces of
w w w w w w w w w w
winformation in solving the puzzle of human behavior and mental processing.
w w w w w w w w w w
Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction w w w w w
a. Argument; conclusion: To understand our behavior ... the neuron.
w w w w w w w w
b. Argument; conclusion: Humans are biological organisms. w w w w w
c. Argument; conclusion: How we feel ... neuronal activity. w w w w w w w
d. Argument; conclusion: How a neuron works ... mental processing.
w w w w w w w w
e. Nonargument.
ANS: D PTS: 2
10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wcomposed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wother properties of living organisms only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed, some
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wviruses can be crystallized and stored in a container on a shelf for years, but they retain
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wthe capacity to invade cells and cause disease.
w w w w w w w
Jacquelyn C. Black, Microbiology: Principles and Explorations w w w w w w
a. Argument; conclusion: They are composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins.
w w w w w w w w w w w w
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Viruses are acellular entities ... microscope.
w w w w w w w
d. Argument; conclusion: Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized ... cause disease.
w w w w w w w w w w
e. Argument; conclusion: Viruses replicate themselves ... w w w w w
w invaded living cells.ANS: w w B PTS: 2 w w
11. Harnessing the clean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is critical to
w w w w w w w w w w w w
wsolving the global warming problem. Technological advances have brought the cost of
w w w w w w w w w w w
electricity generated by the wind down by82 percent since 1981. Solar energy
w w w w w w w w w w w w
technology has made remarkable progress as new photovoltaic cells have been developed
w w w w w w w w w w w w
to convert even greater amounts of sunlight directly into electricity. Todaythe costs of wind
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
and solar power are becoming competitive with dirty coal- fired plants.
w w w w w w w w w w w
Sierra Club, "Global Warming Solutions" w w w w
a. Argument; conclusion: Today the costs of wind ... dirty coal-fired plants.
w w w w w w w w w w
b. Argument; conclusion: Technological advances ... by 82 percent since 1981.
w w w w w w w w w
c. Argument; conclusion: Harnessing the clean ... the global warming problem.
w w w w w w w w w
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Solar energy technology ... w w w w w
w directly into electricity.ANS: D
w w w PTS: 2 w
12. It is likely that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they did
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wnot commit. From 1973 until 2007, 124 death row inmates have been exonerated. In many of
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wthese cases DNA evidence played a crucial role. Yet, in that same time frame, more than
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
w1000 prisoners were executed. For many of these prisoners no DNA evidence was available.
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
wIf such evidence had been available, howmay more would have been exonerated?
w w w w w w w w w w w
a. Argument; conclusion: In many of these cases ... played a crucial role.
w w w w w w w w w w w
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: From 1973 ... have been exonerated. w w w w w w w
d. Argument; conclusion: For many of these prisoners ... was available.
w w w w w w w w w
e. Argument; conclusion: It is likely that innocent prisoners ... they did not commit.
w w w w w w w w w w w w
3
