NUR 406 Final Exam Guide Well Explained Set 2025

NUR 406 Final Exam Guide Well Explained Set 2025 Cells organelles - -Great ideas for matching questions Cell membrane - -Allows for osmosis (free mvmt of water) and has selective permeability Simple diffusion - -Lipids & uncharged particles move freely Facilitated diffusion - -Uses carrier molecule but no energy is used Active transport - -Allows movement against concentration gradient using ATP Mitochondria - -Site of citric acid cycle and produces power using aerobic metabolism to create ATP Smooth ER - -Synthesizes lipids, lipoproteins, & steroids; regulates intracellular Ca+, metabolism, & detoxification; lacks ribosomes Rough ER - -Produces membrane proteins and enzymes; ribosomes attached; continuous with nuclear envelope; folds new proteins Lysosomes - -Breaks down products for reuse; recycling & waste disposal; helps facilitate apoptosis Ribosomes - -Site of protein synthesis; made of rRNA & proteins; attached to rough ER or free in cytoplasm Nucleus - -Stores the genetic code; coordinates cell activities; controls gene expression Golgi Body - -Modifies, sorts, and packs proteins & lipids for transport; packages products into vesicles; receives products from rough ER & 'ships' them to the correct organelle Cytoplasm - -Site of glycolysis; place for cell work; made of water, electrolytes, protein, fats, and glycogen; holds organelles in the cell; gel-like substance Perfusion - -Blood flow; examples include pulmonary embolism, heart failure, HTN Ventilation - -Air flow; examples include asthma, COPD, pulmonary edema Glycogenolysis - -Glycogen to glucose; release stored glucose NUR 406 NUR 406 Glyconeogenesis - -Creation of glucose from non-carb sources Glycolysis - -Glucose to pyruvate to ATP Glycogenesis - -Glucose to Glycogen; storage of glucose Lipolysis - -Triglycerides/fats to glycerol & free fatty acid; releases stored fat for energy when glucose is low Atrophy - -Reduction in cell size & number Hypertrophy - -Increase in size of cells Hyperplasia - -Increasing number of cells leading to larger tissue size Metaplasia - -Pathologic replacement of normal cells with abnormal cells Dysplasia - -Pathologic mutation of normal cells into abnormal cells Osmosis - -Passive transport; movement of water toward high solute concentration; moves down concentration gradient Diffusion - -Passive transport; movement of molecules from high to low concentration; moves down concentration gradient Active transport - -Requires energy (ATP); movement of molecules against concentration gradient Endocytosis - -Cell brings in material by folding membrane in on itself Exocytosis - -Cell releases material by merging vesicles with membrane Phagocytosis - -Type of endocytosis; cell eats large particles Metabolic Acidosis - -Kussmaul respirations, confusion, lethargy, N/V, low BP, warm flushed skin, cardiac arrhythmias, weakness, fatigue due to kidney fail, DKA, diarrhea. Metabolic Alkalosis - -Slow shallow respirations, muscle cramps, paresthesia, dizziness, confusion, irritability, tetany due to vomiting, diuretics, excessive antacid use. Respiratory Acidosis - -Rapid shallow breathing (hypoventilation), headache, drowsiness, confusion, cyanosis, muscle weakness, hyperkalemia, cardiac arrhythmias due to COPD, drugs, pneumonia. NUR 406 NUR 406 Respiratory Alkalosis - -Rapid deep breathing (hyperventilation), lightheaded, paresthesia, anxiety/panic, muscle spasms, palpitations due to anxiety, fever, pain, high altitude. SIADH - -High ADH. Graves' Disease - -High T3/T4. Hashimoto's Disease - -Low T3/T4. Acromegaly - -High GH. Cushing's Syndrome - -High cortisol & aldosterone. Addison's Disease - -Low cortisol & aldosterone. Autosomal Dominant Conditions - -Huntington's disease & Marfan syndrome. Autosomal Recessive Conditions - -Cystic fibrosis & sickle cell anemia. X-Linked Conditions - -Hemophilia & color blindness. Cardiac Output Formula - -CO = HR x SV. Cerebral Perfusion Pressure Formula - -CPP = MAP - ICP. Steps of Hemostasis - -1. Vasoconstriction: Damaged blood vessel constricts to reduce blood loss through smooth muscle contraction. 2. Platelet Plug: Platelets are activated to form a plug at site of injury. 3. Clot Formation: Fibrin strands weave through platelet plug to make it stronger. 4. Clot Retraction: Platelets contract causing clot to shrink and pull wound edges together. 5. Clot Resolution: Plasm digests fibrins to dissolve the clot. Leftover cells are cleared by phagocytes. Blood Flow Through Heart - -Vena Cava Right atrium Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Pulmonary valve Lungs Left atrium Mitral Valve Left ventricle Aortic valve body. Digestive Tract Structures - -Mouth: Mechanical & chemical digestion. Pharynx: Passageway for food. Esophagus: Peristalsis pushes food down into stomach. Stomach: Churns food & mixes with gastric juice to form chyme. Small intestine (DJI): Duodenum jejunum ileum, Digestion & nutrient absorption. Large Intestine: Cecum ascending transverse descending sigmoid, Water & electrolyte absorption. Rectum: Anus, Controlled by internal & external sphincters. Nerve Impulse Pathway - -Stimulus is detected in periphery sensory receptor AP travels along afferent neuron impulse enters spinal cord through dorsal root NUR 406 NUR 406 integration into CNS motor response sends signal down efferent neurons and exits spinal cord through ventral root efferent neuron stimulates neuromuscular junction to allow for muscle contraction. Apoptosis - -Apoptosis is a normal, programmed cell death without inflammation. Reperfusion injury - -Occurs after ischemia is resolved due to rapid restoration of blood flow leading to oxidative stress from free radicals. RBC High Levels - -Increased risk of clotting. RBC Low Levels - -Causes fatigue, pallor, and shortness of breath (SOB). WBC High Levels - -Indicates infection or inflammation. WBC Low Levels - -Increases risk of high infection. Platelets High Levels - -Increases risk of clotting. Platelets Low Levels - -Causes bleeding, bruising, and petechiae. Vitamin K - -Needed to activate clotting factors; obtained from the liver. Warfarin - -Inhibits the enzyme that regenerates active vitamin K, slowing clot formation and reducing risk of harmful clots. Innate Immunity - -Provides rapid, non-specific protection. Adaptive Immunity - -Develops a specific response to an antigen over time. Type I Hypersensitivity - -IgE-mediated, immediate hypersensitivity; example: anaphylaxis from peanuts. Type II Hypersensitivity - -Cytotoxic with antibody mediated cytotoxicity; example: hemolytic transfusion reaction. Type III Hypersensitivity - -Immune complex deposition; example: lupus (SLE). Type IV Hypersensitivity - -Delayed T-cell response; example: contact dermatitis from poison ivy. Platelet Count of 45,000/mm³ - -Most likely to observe bruising and petechiae. Heart Failure and Kidney Injury - -Low ejection fraction (EF) leads to reduced perfusion to the kidneys, causing kidney injury and activating the RAAS system. NUR 406 ACE Inhibitors - -Prevent Angiotensin I from converting to Angiotensin II. ARBs - -Blocks Angiotensin II receptors. Beta Blockers - -Inhibits renin release. Left-sided Systolic Heart Failure - -Expected findings include crackles in the lungs and dyspnea on exertion. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) - -Causes vasoconstriction and fluid retention, worsening heart failure. Increased Afterload - -Increases myocardial oxygen demand and can exacerbate heart failure. Primary Pathophysiological Change in Atrial Fibrillation - -Disorganized atrial electrical activity. Anticoagulants - -Taking anticoagulants helps prevent blood clots that could cause a stroke. Long-standing hypertension - -Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) Left-sided heart failure - -Crackles in lungs Lab result in uncontrolled HTN and HF - -Elevated creatinine pH normal range - -7.35-7.34 CO2 normal range - -35-45 (lungs) PaO2 normal range - -80-100 HCO3 normal range - -22-26 (kidneys) Uncompensated acidosis - -One system is out of range & pH is abnormal Hypoxia - -Oxygen supply to tissue is reduced (reversible) Ischemia - -Inadequate blood and oxygen supply to tissues (reversible) Infarction - -Tissue death (irreversible) Diaphragm during inhalation - -Diaphragm contracts and pulls downwa