NSG 3280 FINAL COVER EXAM 2025

NSG 3280 FINAL COVER EXAM 2025 What is the causative agent of Gonorrhea? - ANS-Neisseria gonorrhea (gram-negative bacteria) What is the typical incubation period for Gonorrhea? - ANS-3-6 days What are common symptoms of Gonorrhea in women? - ANS-Usually asymptomatic; may cause purulent vaginal discharge, dysuria, and vaginal bleeding. What are common symptoms of Gonorrhea in men? - ANS-Urethritis, dysuria, purulent urethral discharge, redness, and swelling at the infection site. What complications can Gonorrhea cause in women? - ANS-Salpingitis leading to sterility and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). What complications can Gonorrhea cause in men? - ANS-Spread to the epididymis. What is the causative agent of Chlamydia? - ANS-Chlamydia trachomatis (gram negative bacteria) What is the incubation period for Chlamydia? - ANS-7-21 days What are common symptoms of Chlamydia? - ANS-Often asymptomatic; can cause urethritis, cervicitis, and epididymitis. What serious complications can Chlamydia cause? - ANS-Infertility and ectopic pregnancy due to scarring of the oviducts. What is the causative agent of Syphilis? - ANS-Treponema pallidum (bacteria spirochete) What is the incubation period for Syphilis? - ANS-10 to 90 days What is a characteristic symptom of primary Syphilis? - ANS-Formation of a chancre, a painless ulcerative lesion. What symptoms are associated with secondary Syphilis? - ANS-Low-grade fever, malaise, sore throat, headache, lymphadenopathy, and rash. What occurs during the latent phase of Syphilis? - ANS-No symptoms are present, but the person remains serologically positive. NSG 3280 NSG 3280 What are the potential consequences of untreated late Syphilis? - ANS-Damage to cardiovascular and central nervous systems, including aortic necrosis and mental deterioration. What is the causative agent of Genital Herpes? - ANS-Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) What is the incubation period for Genital Herpes? - ANS-3 to 7 days What are the primary sites of infection for Genital Herpes in women? - ANS-Cervix, labia, perianal skin, vulva, or vagina. What symptoms do men typically experience with Genital Herpes? - ANS-Fluid-filled vesicles on the glans penis, foreskin, or penile shaft. What is a common complication of Genital Herpes during childbirth? - ANS Transmission to the newborn, potentially causing severe eye infections. What is the incubation period for Human Papillomavirus (HPV)? - ANS-1 to 20 months What is a significant health risk associated with HPV? - ANS-It can lead to genital warts and is linked to certain cancers. What is the primary mode of transmission for Gonorrhea? - ANS-Direct contact with exudates from mucous membranes. How does Chlamydia affect the immune response? - ANS-It inhibits the release of pro inflammatory cytokines. What is the significance of congenital syphilis? - ANS-It is transmitted from mother to fetus, causing deformities and developmental disabilities. What are the two types of Herpes Simplex Virus? - ANS-HSV-1 (above the waist) and HSV-2 (genital herpes). What virus causes genital warts? - ANS-Human Papillomavirus (HPV) What is the incubation period for HPV? - ANS-1 to 20 months, usually around 4 months. What age group has the highest rates of genital warts? - ANS-16 to 25 years old. What are the characteristics of lesions caused by HPV? - ANS-Lesions can be single or multiple, soft pink to brown, small or large, and raised or flat. What symptoms may accompany genital warts? - ANS-Generally asymptomatic but may be pruritic (itchy), painful, or friable (bleed easily). NSG 3280 NSG 3280 What is the primary risk associated with HPV in women? - ANS-Malignant transformation leading to cervical cancer. What is epididymitis? - ANS-Inflammation of the epididymis, causing testicular pain and swelling. What are common causes of epididymitis? - ANS-Trauma, reflux of sterile urine, bacterial infections (e.g., STIs), and non-sexually transmitted organisms. What are the signs and symptoms of epididymitis? - ANS-Dysuria, enlarged scrotum, redness, tenderness, fever, urethral discharge, and cloudy urine. What is Fournier Gangrene? - ANS-A severe gangrenous necrosis of the scrotum caused by polymicrobial infection. What are the risk factors for Fournier Gangrene? - ANS-Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and alcohol use (EtOH). What are the symptoms of Fournier Gangrene? - ANS-Pain, swelling of the scrotum, fever, chills, and sepsis. What does BPH stand for and what does it involve? - ANS-Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia; prostate enlargement due to rapid cell division compressing the urethra. At what age does BPH commonly occur? - ANS-In men older than 60 years. What are the signs and symptoms of BPH? - ANS-Obstruction, urinary retention, decreased urinary stream, and difficulty initiating urination. What is prostatitis? - ANS-Inflammation of the prostate, which can be caused by bacterial infection. What are the routes of infection for prostatitis? - ANS-Ascending infection from the urethra, reflux of infected urine, hematogenous spread, and periurethral infection. What are the signs of acute prostatitis? - ANS-Fever, chills, low back pain, and voiding symptoms such as frequency and urgency. What is a urethral stricture? - ANS-Fibrotic narrowing of the urethra, usually due to scar tissue. What are the causes of urethral strictures? - ANS-Prior infections (e.g., gonorrhea) and trauma from catheters or straddle injuries. NSG 3280 NSG 3280 What is erectile dysfunction (ED)? - ANS-The inability to achieve or maintain an erection. What are common risk factors for erectile dysfunction? - ANS-Hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, smoking, obesity, and lack of exercise. What is the most common type of neoplasm in the penis? - ANS-Squamous cell carcinoma, often associated with phimosis and chronic inflammation. What is the peak incidence age for testicular tumors? - ANS-Late adolescence to early adulthood, particularly in men aged 20 to 34 years. What is the most common type of prostate cancer? - ANS-Adenocarcinoma, which accounts for 95% of cases. What are some potential causes of prostate cancer? - ANS-Genetic, hormonal, dietary, and viral factors. What diagnostic methods are used for prostate cancer? - ANS-Microscopic inspection of prostate tissue, DRE, PSA levels, and transrectal ultrasonography. What symptoms in males indicate metastasis? - ANS-Hematuria, weight loss, anorexia, malaise, and back pain. What is uterine prolapse? - ANS-A condition where the uterus sags lower than normal due to relaxed or stretched cardinal ligaments, potentially protruding outside the vagina. What factors can contribute to uterine prolapse? - ANS-Trauma during childbirth, multiple deliveries close together, or multiple babies at once. What are the signs and symptoms of uterine prolapse? - ANS-Vaginal discomfort, sensation of bearing down, discomfort while walking/sitting, difficulty urinating, and advanced cases may show bleeding or ulceration from friction. What is a cystocele? - ANS-A protrusion of a portion of the urinary bladder into the anterior of the vagina due to weakened vaginal/pelvic floor musculature. What causes a cystocele? - ANS-Injury during childbirth, surgery, aging, inherent weakness, obesity, and history of lifting heavy objects. What are the symptoms of a cystocele? - ANS-May be asymptomatic; in moderate to severe cases, symptoms include pressure in the vagina, dysuria, incontinence, and back pain. What is a rectocele? - ANS-A bulging mass beneath the vaginal mucosa caused by the anterior rectal wall protruding into the posterior of the vagina. NSG 3280 NSG 3280 What factors contribute to a rectocele? - ANS-Injury during childbirth, surgery, aging, multiparity, obesity, and postmenopausal status. What are the signs and symptoms of a rectocele? - ANS-Difficulty with bowel evacuation, chronic constipation, and a feeling of pressure or dyspareunia. What is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)? - ANS-An infection of the oviducts and ovaries that may involve adjacent reproductive organs, causing inflammation. What are the potential complications of PID? - ANS-Tubal scarring leading to infertility and ectopic pregnancy, as well as chronic pelvic pain. What are the signs and symptoms of PID? - ANS-Abdominal tenderness, cervical pain, fever, elevated WBC count, pelvic abscess, and purulent vaginal discharge. What is vulvovaginitis? - ANS-An inflammation of the vulva and vagina, which can be caused by infections or irritants. What are common causes of vulvovaginitis? - ANS-Candida albicans, Trichomonas vaginalis, Gonorrhea, HPV, HSV2, chemical irritants, trauma, and postmenopausal atrophy. What are the symptoms of candidiasis? - ANS-Thick, white discharge, red edematous mucous membranes, intense itching, and normal vaginal pH. What is Bartholinitis? - ANS-An inflammation of the Bartholin glands, which can lead to abscess formation and tenderness at the site. What are the signs of a Bartholin gland abscess? - ANS-Tenderness and swelling at the site, pus exuding from the duct orifice, fever, and malaise. What are uterine leiomyomas (fibroids)? - ANS-Benign tumors formed by estrogen and human growth hormone stimulating fibromuscular elements in the uterine wall. What factors can enhance the growth of uterine leiomyomas? - ANS-Large doses of estrogen and high levels during pregnancy. What are the symptoms of uterine leiomyomas? - ANS-Heavy menstrual bleeding, abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding/discharge, backache, constipation, and urinary frequency. What are ovarian cysts? - ANS-Sacs on an ovary containing fluid or semisolid material that can develop at any time from puberty to menopause. NSG 3280 NSG 3280 What are the types of ovarian cysts? - ANS-Follicular cysts, corpus luteum cysts, and theca-lutein cysts. What are the symptoms of ovarian cysts? - ANS-Usually asymptomatic; if ruptured, can cause abdominal pain and intraperitoneal hemorrhage. What is endometriosis? - ANS-The presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity, leading to inflammation and potential complications. What are endometriomas? - ANS-Abnormal endometrial tissues that respond to hormone cycles, leading to thickening and bleeding. What are the theories regarding the occurrence of endometriosis? - ANS-Transportation (retrograde flow), metaplasia (conversion of tissue), and induction (chemical induction of endometrial epithelium). What is the most likely explanation for endometriosis? - ANS-Current theory suggests it is related to abnormal tissue growth. What are common signs and symptoms of endometriosis? - ANS-Dysmenorrhea, excessive bleeding, fatigue/anemia, abdominal pain radiating to vagina/back, dyspareunia, dyschezia. What virus is associated with cervical cancer? - ANS-Human Papillomavirus (HPV). What test is used for early detection of cervical cancer? - ANS-Papanicolaou (Pap) test. What are risk factors for cervical cancer? - ANS-Intercourse at a young age, multiple sexual partners, multiple pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections. What are symptoms of advanced cervical cancer? - ANS-Abnormal vaginal bleeding, persistent vaginal discharge, pain and bleeding after intercourse. What factors are related to endometrial cancer? - ANS-Infertility, late menopause, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, unopposed estrogen therapy. What are common symptoms of endometrial cancer? - ANS-Bleeding between menstrual periods or postmenopausal bleeding. At what age does vaginal cancer typically occur? - ANS-In women in their early to mid 50s. What is diethylstilbestrol (DES) and its relation to vaginal cancer? - ANS-A synthetic estrogen linked to increased incidence of vaginal cancer in women whose mothers took it during pregnancy. NSG 3280 NSG 3280 What are symptoms of vaginal cancer? - ANS-Vaginal spotting, discharge, pain, groin masses, urinary pattern changes. What is the leading cause of death from genital cancers? - ANS-Ovarian cancer. What age group has the peak incidence of ovarian cancer? - ANS-Between 60 and 80 years of age. What are common symptoms of ovarian cancer? - ANS-Increasing abdominal girth, weight loss, abdominal pain, dysuria, urinary frequency, constipation. What is fibrocystic breast disease? - ANS-Presence of palpable breast masses that fluctuate with the menstrual cycle, often associated with pain or tenderness. What age group is more common for fibrocystic breast changes? - ANS-Women ages 30 to 50 years. What are specific benign neoplasms of the breast? - ANS-Fibroadenomas, adenomas, and papillomas. What are risk factors for malignant breast disorders? - ANS-Hormonal factors, reproductive factors, family history, a