EEOB 3310 Exam 2 Questions With
Correct Answers
Evo |Devo |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Evolutionary |developmental |biology; |• |The |genetic |
machinery |of |development |— |largely |focused |on |morphological |evolution
| ◦ |Fundamental |achievement |was |the |discover |of |deep |homologies
| ◦ |Concentrates |on |the |evolution |of |genetic |toolkits
| • |Follows |Darwin's |second |great |insight: |common |ancestry |of |all |living |things
| ◦ |Macroevolution: |phylogeny
| ◦ |Microevolution: |trait |evolution
Deep |Homologies |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Extensive |similarities |in |gene |regulation |among |
distantly |related |species |with |fundamentally |different |body |plans |(ex: |HOX |genes)
Significance |of |deep |homologies |across |divergent |species |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Covers |
conserved |gene |networks |in |the |developmental |differentiation |processes |in |deeply |divergent |
species.
Homolog |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Similarities |caused |by |shared |ancestry |between |two |
structures |of |genes |from |distinct |species
Ortholog |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Genes |in |different |species |that |originated |from |a |common |
ancestor |and |retain |the |same |function
Paralog |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Genes |that |arise |from |a |gene |duplication |event
Analog |(not |a |homolog) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-similar |genes |of |function |and/or |superficial |
resemblance |of |structures |that |have |different |ancestral |origins |(convergent |evolution)
, Origin |of |Orthologs |and |Paralogs |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Orthologs |are |genes |in |different |
species |that |originated |from |a |common |ancestor |as |a |result |of |speciation |events
Paralogs |result |from |gene |duplication |events |within |a |species.
Adaptive |Significance |of |Homologs |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-• |Orthologs |often |have |similar |
function |in |different |species
|• |Paralogs |can |evolve |to |have |new |gene |functions |(neofunctionalization) |or |split |duties |with |
original |gene |(subfunctionalization)
Pleiotropy |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-• |Occurs |when |a |single |gene |influences |multiple |traits, |
which |can |create |evolutionary |constraints |or |novel |adaptations
| ◦ |Has |multiple |phenotypic |events
Cis-regulatory |Elements |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-• |DNA |sequences |near |or |upstream |of |a |
gene |that |regulate |its |expression |(e.g., |promoters, |enhancers)
| ◦ |Non-coding |binding |sites
Trans-regulatory |Elements |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-• |Proteins |or |RNAs |that |influence |gene |
expression |from |distant |locations |(e.g., |transcription |factors)
| ◦ |Coding |protein |binds |to |cis-regulation |site
Gene |Regulatory |Network |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-• |A |set |of |genes |(or |parts |of |genes) |that |
interact |with |each |other |to |control |a |specific |cell |function
| ◦ |Important |in |development, |differentiation, |response |to |environmental |cues
Correct Answers
Evo |Devo |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Evolutionary |developmental |biology; |• |The |genetic |
machinery |of |development |— |largely |focused |on |morphological |evolution
| ◦ |Fundamental |achievement |was |the |discover |of |deep |homologies
| ◦ |Concentrates |on |the |evolution |of |genetic |toolkits
| • |Follows |Darwin's |second |great |insight: |common |ancestry |of |all |living |things
| ◦ |Macroevolution: |phylogeny
| ◦ |Microevolution: |trait |evolution
Deep |Homologies |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Extensive |similarities |in |gene |regulation |among |
distantly |related |species |with |fundamentally |different |body |plans |(ex: |HOX |genes)
Significance |of |deep |homologies |across |divergent |species |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Covers |
conserved |gene |networks |in |the |developmental |differentiation |processes |in |deeply |divergent |
species.
Homolog |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Similarities |caused |by |shared |ancestry |between |two |
structures |of |genes |from |distinct |species
Ortholog |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Genes |in |different |species |that |originated |from |a |common |
ancestor |and |retain |the |same |function
Paralog |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Genes |that |arise |from |a |gene |duplication |event
Analog |(not |a |homolog) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-similar |genes |of |function |and/or |superficial |
resemblance |of |structures |that |have |different |ancestral |origins |(convergent |evolution)
, Origin |of |Orthologs |and |Paralogs |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Orthologs |are |genes |in |different |
species |that |originated |from |a |common |ancestor |as |a |result |of |speciation |events
Paralogs |result |from |gene |duplication |events |within |a |species.
Adaptive |Significance |of |Homologs |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-• |Orthologs |often |have |similar |
function |in |different |species
|• |Paralogs |can |evolve |to |have |new |gene |functions |(neofunctionalization) |or |split |duties |with |
original |gene |(subfunctionalization)
Pleiotropy |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-• |Occurs |when |a |single |gene |influences |multiple |traits, |
which |can |create |evolutionary |constraints |or |novel |adaptations
| ◦ |Has |multiple |phenotypic |events
Cis-regulatory |Elements |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-• |DNA |sequences |near |or |upstream |of |a |
gene |that |regulate |its |expression |(e.g., |promoters, |enhancers)
| ◦ |Non-coding |binding |sites
Trans-regulatory |Elements |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-• |Proteins |or |RNAs |that |influence |gene |
expression |from |distant |locations |(e.g., |transcription |factors)
| ◦ |Coding |protein |binds |to |cis-regulation |site
Gene |Regulatory |Network |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-• |A |set |of |genes |(or |parts |of |genes) |that |
interact |with |each |other |to |control |a |specific |cell |function
| ◦ |Important |in |development, |differentiation, |response |to |environmental |cues
