Endocrine, Neurocognitive, Integumentary, Hem/Onc Knowledge Check
Endocrine Conditions
Diabetes (overview not fully captured in retrieved text)
• Manifestations: Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, fatigue.
• Diagnostics: Blood glucose, HbA1c, urinalysis for ketones.
• Management: Insulin therapy, blood glucose monitoring, diet/exercise balance.
• Complications: DKA, hypoglycemia, long-term micro/macrovascular damage.
• Education: Importance of adherence, carb counting, sick-day rules.
Precocious Puberty
• Manifestations: In girls <8 yrs (breast development, menarche, ovarian enlargement); in
boys <9 yrs (testicular/penile growth, voice changes, facial hair); both may develop
axillary/pubic hair and body odor
• Diagnostics: LH/FSH, testosterone/estradiol, bone age X-ray, CT/MRI for CNS lesions
• Management: GnRH agonists (depot injections or implants), treat underlying tumors
• Complications: Advanced bone age → premature growth plate closure, short adult stature
• Education: Avoid exogenous hormones in creams/shampoos; monitor compliance; provide
financial and psychosocial support
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
• Manifestations: No symptoms at birth; progressive accumulation of phenylalanine →
seizures, intellectual disability, irreversible neuro delays
• Diagnostics: Universal newborn screening in all U.S. states
• Management: Lifelong phenylalanine-free diet (strict protein restriction, specialized
formula)
• Complications: Severe cognitive impairment if untreated.
• Education: Importance of lifelong diet, frequent metabolic clinic follow-up.
Hypothyroidism
• Manifestations:
o Infants: Prolonged jaundice, poor feeding, constipation, large fontanelles, umbilical
hernia, thick tongue, hypotonia
o Older children: Slow HR, fatigue, cold intolerance, impaired learning
• Diagnostics: Newborn screening; thyroid function tests (TSH, T4).
Endocrine Conditions
Diabetes (overview not fully captured in retrieved text)
• Manifestations: Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, fatigue.
• Diagnostics: Blood glucose, HbA1c, urinalysis for ketones.
• Management: Insulin therapy, blood glucose monitoring, diet/exercise balance.
• Complications: DKA, hypoglycemia, long-term micro/macrovascular damage.
• Education: Importance of adherence, carb counting, sick-day rules.
Precocious Puberty
• Manifestations: In girls <8 yrs (breast development, menarche, ovarian enlargement); in
boys <9 yrs (testicular/penile growth, voice changes, facial hair); both may develop
axillary/pubic hair and body odor
• Diagnostics: LH/FSH, testosterone/estradiol, bone age X-ray, CT/MRI for CNS lesions
• Management: GnRH agonists (depot injections or implants), treat underlying tumors
• Complications: Advanced bone age → premature growth plate closure, short adult stature
• Education: Avoid exogenous hormones in creams/shampoos; monitor compliance; provide
financial and psychosocial support
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
• Manifestations: No symptoms at birth; progressive accumulation of phenylalanine →
seizures, intellectual disability, irreversible neuro delays
• Diagnostics: Universal newborn screening in all U.S. states
• Management: Lifelong phenylalanine-free diet (strict protein restriction, specialized
formula)
• Complications: Severe cognitive impairment if untreated.
• Education: Importance of lifelong diet, frequent metabolic clinic follow-up.
Hypothyroidism
• Manifestations:
o Infants: Prolonged jaundice, poor feeding, constipation, large fontanelles, umbilical
hernia, thick tongue, hypotonia
o Older children: Slow HR, fatigue, cold intolerance, impaired learning
• Diagnostics: Newborn screening; thyroid function tests (TSH, T4).
