Midterml Exam:l NRl 572/l NR572l
(Latestl 2026/l 2027l Update)l Advancedl
Acutel Carel Managementl Guide|l Q/Al |l
Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl (Verifiedl
Answers)l -Chamberlain
Q:l Shockl classl IV
Answer:
l Bloodl loss-l >2Ll &l >40%
Pulsel -l >140
Bloodl pressurel -l decreased
Pulsel pressurel -l decreased
RR-l >35
UOPl :l negligible
Mentall statusl -l confused,l lethargic
Q:l ABGl valuesl andl rulesl ofl thumb
Answer:
l pHl ofl 7.2l isl thresholdl forl bicarbonatel administration
Q:l Categoriesl ofl shock
Answer:
l 1.l Hypovolemic
2.l Cardiogenic
3.l Obstructive
4.l Distributive
,Q:l Cardiacl outputl monitoring
Answer:
l Endl tidall CO2l isl al goodl predictorl ofl cardiacl outputl notl necessarilyl bloodl pressure.l
Canl havel al lowl bloodl pressurel andl stilll havel goodl CO.l
Ex:l ifl youl putl yourl dopaminel dripl @l 15mcg/kg/minl =l vasoconstrictl andl bpl willl gol upl
butl heartl isl pumpingl againstl brickl walll andl decreasedl CO.l Sol goodl BPl butl ETCO2l
willl bel decreased
Q:l Oxygenl Dissassociation
Answer:
l Oxygenl bindsl tol hemoglobin.l Thel bodyl usesl oxygenl tol makel ATPl insidel thel
mitochondrial insidel thel cells.l HGBl cannotl getl intol cellsl sol itl hasl tol disassociatel tol
crossl intol thel celll forl use.l
Pulsoxl measuresl O2l boundl tol HGB.l
Bloodl gasl measuresl O2l disassociatedl froml HGB.l
Plottingl pulsoxl v.l Bloodl gasl O2l (pO2)l =l oxyhemoglobinl dissociationl curve.
Q:l Hypovolemicl shock
Answer:
l -shockl resultingl froml bloodl orl fluidl loss
-Lessl circulatingl bloodl volume=l preloadl andl strokel volumel drops,l resultingl inl lowl
cardiacl outputl andl increasedl (SVR)l systemicl vascularl resistance,l orl vascularl tone,l tol
maintainl MAPl andl perfusel vitall organs.l
-symptomsl includel hypotension,l tachycardia,l weakl threadyl pulse,l cool,l pale,l moistl skin,l
decreasedl UOP.
-causesl includel trauma,l GIB,l rupturedl aorta,l postpartuml hemorrhage,l ectopicl pregnancy,l
third-degreel burns,l excessivel vomiting,l orl diarrhea,l bowell obstruction,l acutel pancreatitis,l
DKA
Q:l Cardiogenicl shock
,Answer:
l -Shockl causedl byl inadequatel functionl ofl thel heart,l orl pumpl failure.
-RBl orl LVl failure,l resultingl andl decreasel cardiacl output.l Increasedl SVRl tol maintainl
MAPl andl vitall organl perfusion.
-Acutel myocardiall infarction,l valvularl heartl disease,l cardiacl arrhythmias,l cardiomyopathy
Symptomsl includel hypotension,l tachycardia,l weakl threadyl pulse,l cool,l pale,l moistl skin,l
UOPl lessl thanl 30l ML's/HR,l tachypnea
CO,l systolicl &l diastolicl functionl
SVR,l preload,l diastolicl fillingl
Q:l pO2l vl paO2l vl SpO2
Answer:
l pO2=l oxygenl inl thel bloodl anywherel (dissociatedl froml HGB)-l Venousl orl arterial
paO2l =l oxygenl inl arteriall bloodl (dissociatedl froml HGB).l Usedl tol assessl thel severityl
ofl hypoxemial andl guidel oxygenl therapy.l
SpO2l =l measuresl thel percentagel ofl oxygenl saturationl inl peripherall blood,l measuredl byl
al pulsel oximeter.l It'sl anl indirectl measure,l asl itl reliesl onl thel amountl ofl lightl absorbedl
byl thel blood.l Oxygenl boundl tol hemoglobinl sol al measurementl ofl oxyhemoglobin.l
Oxyhemoglobinl dissociationl curvel =l graphingl thel relationshipl betweenl
oxyhemoglobin/pulsel ox/SPO2l (yl axis)l andl arteriall oxygen/PaO2l (Xl axis)
Q:l Rightl heartl failure
Answer:
l Peripherall edema,l hepatomegaly,l increasedl JVD,l tricuspid,l regurgitation,l cooll
extremities,l cyanosis,l orthopnea,l delayedl capl refill
Q:l Leftl heartl failure
Answer:
, l Cracklesl orl wheezing,l displacedl pointl ofl maximall impulsel (PMI),l leftl sidedl heartl
murmurs,l cooll extremities,l cyanosis,l orthopnea,l delayedl capl refill
Q:l Obstructivel shock
Answer:
l -Heartl isl functional,l butl therel isl anl obstructionl ofl outflowl ofl blood.
-Cardiacl tamponade,l massivel PE,l tensionl pneumothoraxl
-Increasedl preload,l significantlyl decreasedl cardiacl output,l increasedl SVRl
Symptomsl includel hypotension,l tachycardia,l weakl threadyl pulse,l cool,l pale,l moistl skin,l
UOP<30ml/hr,l tachypnea
Q:l Additionall featuresl ofl cardiacl tamponade
Answer:
l Muffledl heartl tones,l pulsusl paradoxus
Q:l Additionall featuresl ofl massivel PE
Answer:
l Signsl ofl DVTl inl onel orl morel extremities,l recentl diagnosisl ofl DVT
Q:l Additionall featuresl ofl tensionl pneumothorax
Answer:
l Unilaterall absencel ofl breathl sounds,l deviatedl tracheal tol thel sidel ofl thel unaffectedl lung
Q:l Distributivel shock
Answer:
l -Severel decreasel inl vascularl tonel resultingl inl massivel vasodilation.l
-bloodl volumel doesn'tl change,l andl alterationl inl distributionl occur,l secondaryl tol capillaryl
permeabilityl increasel resultingl inl intravascularl fluidl loss.
(Latestl 2026/l 2027l Update)l Advancedl
Acutel Carel Managementl Guide|l Q/Al |l
Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl (Verifiedl
Answers)l -Chamberlain
Q:l Shockl classl IV
Answer:
l Bloodl loss-l >2Ll &l >40%
Pulsel -l >140
Bloodl pressurel -l decreased
Pulsel pressurel -l decreased
RR-l >35
UOPl :l negligible
Mentall statusl -l confused,l lethargic
Q:l ABGl valuesl andl rulesl ofl thumb
Answer:
l pHl ofl 7.2l isl thresholdl forl bicarbonatel administration
Q:l Categoriesl ofl shock
Answer:
l 1.l Hypovolemic
2.l Cardiogenic
3.l Obstructive
4.l Distributive
,Q:l Cardiacl outputl monitoring
Answer:
l Endl tidall CO2l isl al goodl predictorl ofl cardiacl outputl notl necessarilyl bloodl pressure.l
Canl havel al lowl bloodl pressurel andl stilll havel goodl CO.l
Ex:l ifl youl putl yourl dopaminel dripl @l 15mcg/kg/minl =l vasoconstrictl andl bpl willl gol upl
butl heartl isl pumpingl againstl brickl walll andl decreasedl CO.l Sol goodl BPl butl ETCO2l
willl bel decreased
Q:l Oxygenl Dissassociation
Answer:
l Oxygenl bindsl tol hemoglobin.l Thel bodyl usesl oxygenl tol makel ATPl insidel thel
mitochondrial insidel thel cells.l HGBl cannotl getl intol cellsl sol itl hasl tol disassociatel tol
crossl intol thel celll forl use.l
Pulsoxl measuresl O2l boundl tol HGB.l
Bloodl gasl measuresl O2l disassociatedl froml HGB.l
Plottingl pulsoxl v.l Bloodl gasl O2l (pO2)l =l oxyhemoglobinl dissociationl curve.
Q:l Hypovolemicl shock
Answer:
l -shockl resultingl froml bloodl orl fluidl loss
-Lessl circulatingl bloodl volume=l preloadl andl strokel volumel drops,l resultingl inl lowl
cardiacl outputl andl increasedl (SVR)l systemicl vascularl resistance,l orl vascularl tone,l tol
maintainl MAPl andl perfusel vitall organs.l
-symptomsl includel hypotension,l tachycardia,l weakl threadyl pulse,l cool,l pale,l moistl skin,l
decreasedl UOP.
-causesl includel trauma,l GIB,l rupturedl aorta,l postpartuml hemorrhage,l ectopicl pregnancy,l
third-degreel burns,l excessivel vomiting,l orl diarrhea,l bowell obstruction,l acutel pancreatitis,l
DKA
Q:l Cardiogenicl shock
,Answer:
l -Shockl causedl byl inadequatel functionl ofl thel heart,l orl pumpl failure.
-RBl orl LVl failure,l resultingl andl decreasel cardiacl output.l Increasedl SVRl tol maintainl
MAPl andl vitall organl perfusion.
-Acutel myocardiall infarction,l valvularl heartl disease,l cardiacl arrhythmias,l cardiomyopathy
Symptomsl includel hypotension,l tachycardia,l weakl threadyl pulse,l cool,l pale,l moistl skin,l
UOPl lessl thanl 30l ML's/HR,l tachypnea
CO,l systolicl &l diastolicl functionl
SVR,l preload,l diastolicl fillingl
Q:l pO2l vl paO2l vl SpO2
Answer:
l pO2=l oxygenl inl thel bloodl anywherel (dissociatedl froml HGB)-l Venousl orl arterial
paO2l =l oxygenl inl arteriall bloodl (dissociatedl froml HGB).l Usedl tol assessl thel severityl
ofl hypoxemial andl guidel oxygenl therapy.l
SpO2l =l measuresl thel percentagel ofl oxygenl saturationl inl peripherall blood,l measuredl byl
al pulsel oximeter.l It'sl anl indirectl measure,l asl itl reliesl onl thel amountl ofl lightl absorbedl
byl thel blood.l Oxygenl boundl tol hemoglobinl sol al measurementl ofl oxyhemoglobin.l
Oxyhemoglobinl dissociationl curvel =l graphingl thel relationshipl betweenl
oxyhemoglobin/pulsel ox/SPO2l (yl axis)l andl arteriall oxygen/PaO2l (Xl axis)
Q:l Rightl heartl failure
Answer:
l Peripherall edema,l hepatomegaly,l increasedl JVD,l tricuspid,l regurgitation,l cooll
extremities,l cyanosis,l orthopnea,l delayedl capl refill
Q:l Leftl heartl failure
Answer:
, l Cracklesl orl wheezing,l displacedl pointl ofl maximall impulsel (PMI),l leftl sidedl heartl
murmurs,l cooll extremities,l cyanosis,l orthopnea,l delayedl capl refill
Q:l Obstructivel shock
Answer:
l -Heartl isl functional,l butl therel isl anl obstructionl ofl outflowl ofl blood.
-Cardiacl tamponade,l massivel PE,l tensionl pneumothoraxl
-Increasedl preload,l significantlyl decreasedl cardiacl output,l increasedl SVRl
Symptomsl includel hypotension,l tachycardia,l weakl threadyl pulse,l cool,l pale,l moistl skin,l
UOP<30ml/hr,l tachypnea
Q:l Additionall featuresl ofl cardiacl tamponade
Answer:
l Muffledl heartl tones,l pulsusl paradoxus
Q:l Additionall featuresl ofl massivel PE
Answer:
l Signsl ofl DVTl inl onel orl morel extremities,l recentl diagnosisl ofl DVT
Q:l Additionall featuresl ofl tensionl pneumothorax
Answer:
l Unilaterall absencel ofl breathl sounds,l deviatedl tracheal tol thel sidel ofl thel unaffectedl lung
Q:l Distributivel shock
Answer:
l -Severel decreasel inl vascularl tonel resultingl inl massivel vasodilation.l
-bloodl volumel doesn'tl change,l andl alterationl inl distributionl occur,l secondaryl tol capillaryl
permeabilityl increasel resultingl inl intravascularl fluidl loss.
