NSG 318 EXAM 2 | PHARMACOLOGY EXAM |
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS VERIFIED 100%
CORRECT
superficial pain - ANSWER -Pain that originates from the skin or mucous membranes
deep pain - ANSWER -pain that occurs in tissues below skin level
somatic pain - ANSWER -Pain that originates from skeletal muscles, ligaments, or
joints.
visceral pain - ANSWER -pain that originates from organs or smooth muscles
cluster headaches - ANSWER --severe unilateral, nonthrobbing pain
-located around eye
-series of cluster attacks
-more common in males
migraine headaches - ANSWER --unilateral throbbing head pain, accompanied by
nausea, vomiting and photophobia
-triggers: cheese, chocolate, red wine, aspartame, fatigue, stress, monosodium
glutamate, missed meals, odors, light, hormone changes, drugs, weather, sleep
Migraine and Cluster Headaches
Prevention: - ANSWER -Beta-adrenergic Blockers:
-propranolol
-atenolol
Anticonvulsants:
-valproic acid
-gabapentin
Tricyclic antidepressants:
-amitriptyline
-imipramine
function of adrenergics - ANSWER --dilates pupils
-dilate bronchioles
-inc HR
-vasoconstriction
-relax GI
-relax bladder
-relax uterus
, sympathomimetic - ANSWER -agent that mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous
system
Parasympatholytic - ANSWER -agent blocking or inhibiting the effects of the
parasympathetic nervous system
alpha 1 receptors - ANSWER --inc cardiac contractility; vasoconstriction (inc BP)
-dilates pupils, dec salivary gland secretion
-inc bladder and prostate cx
alpha 2 receptors - ANSWER --inhibits NE release (promotes vasodilation and dec BP)
-dec GI motility and tone
beta 1 receptors - ANSWER --inc cardiac contractility, HR
-inc renin secretion and BP
beta 2 receptors - ANSWER --dec GI tone and motility
-bronchodilation
-inc blood flow in skeletal muscles
-relaxes smooth muscles of uterus
-activates liver glycogenolysis (inc blood glucose)
Direct acting adrenergic agonists - ANSWER -directly activates adrenergic receptor
(epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine)
indirect acting adrenergic agonists - ANSWER -stimulates release of NE from terminal
nerve endings (amphetamine)
mixed acting adrenergic agonists - ANSWER -stimulates adrenergic receptor sites and
stimulates release of NE from terminal nerve endings (ephedrine)
adrenergic agonists - ANSWER -Catecholamines: produce sympathetic response
- endogenous (epinephrine, NE, dopamine)
-synthetic (isoproterenol, dobutamine)
Noncatecholamines: stimulate adrenergic receptors. most have longer duration of action
than endogenous and synthetic (phenylephrine, metaproterneol, albuterol)
Epinephrine - ANSWER --CLASSIFICATION: adrenergic agonist
-USES: anaphylaxis, bronchospasms, status asthmaticus, cardiac arrest
-ACTION: Alpha1 inc BP, Beta1 inc HR, Beta2 promotes bronchodilation
-CONTRAINDICATIONS: cardiac dysrhythmias, hypertension, hyperthyroidism, DM,
pregnancy
, -SIDE/ADVERSE EFFECTS: cardiac (palpitation, tachycardia, hypertension),
restlessness, hyperglycemia, dyspnea, tissue necrosis at IV site, vfib, PE
-INTERACTIONS: beta blockers, digoxin, TCA and MAOIs
-INTERVENTIONS: monitor IV site, monitor vitals and EKG, monitor I&Os and assess
for bladder distention, avoid nausea and vomiting for pt, monitor blood glucose in pt with
DM
adrenergic antagonists - ANSWER -block effects of adrenergic neurotransmitter (block
alpha and beta receptor sites)
-alpha-adrenergic agonists and beta adrenergic agonists
alpha1 blockers - ANSWER --vasodilation/dizziness
-orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachycardia
-pupil constrict
-suppress ejaculation
-dec cx of smooth muscles in bladder, neck, and prostate
beta1 blockers - ANSWER --dec cardiac contractility
-dec pulse
beta2 blockers - ANSWER --bronchoconstriction
-cx uterus
-inhibits glycogenolysis (leads to hypoglycemia)
alpha adrenergic antagonists - ANSWER -drugs that inhibit a response at alpha-
adrenergic receptor site
-selective (block alpha1)
-nonselective (block alpha1 and alpha2)
-action (promote vasodilation)
-use (dec symptoms of BPH)
albuterol - ANSWER --CLASSIFICATION: beta2 adrenergic agonist
-USE: tx of asthma, prophylactic tx for asthma, tx of bronchospasms
-ACTION: stimulates beta2 adrenergic receptors in lungs (relaxes bronchial smooth
muscle) bronchodilation
Beta-adrenergic agonists - ANSWER --dec BP and pulse
-nonselective beta blockers
blocks beta1: dec BP and pulse
blocks beta2: bronchoconstriction, use with caution w pt with COPD or asthma
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS VERIFIED 100%
CORRECT
superficial pain - ANSWER -Pain that originates from the skin or mucous membranes
deep pain - ANSWER -pain that occurs in tissues below skin level
somatic pain - ANSWER -Pain that originates from skeletal muscles, ligaments, or
joints.
visceral pain - ANSWER -pain that originates from organs or smooth muscles
cluster headaches - ANSWER --severe unilateral, nonthrobbing pain
-located around eye
-series of cluster attacks
-more common in males
migraine headaches - ANSWER --unilateral throbbing head pain, accompanied by
nausea, vomiting and photophobia
-triggers: cheese, chocolate, red wine, aspartame, fatigue, stress, monosodium
glutamate, missed meals, odors, light, hormone changes, drugs, weather, sleep
Migraine and Cluster Headaches
Prevention: - ANSWER -Beta-adrenergic Blockers:
-propranolol
-atenolol
Anticonvulsants:
-valproic acid
-gabapentin
Tricyclic antidepressants:
-amitriptyline
-imipramine
function of adrenergics - ANSWER --dilates pupils
-dilate bronchioles
-inc HR
-vasoconstriction
-relax GI
-relax bladder
-relax uterus
, sympathomimetic - ANSWER -agent that mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous
system
Parasympatholytic - ANSWER -agent blocking or inhibiting the effects of the
parasympathetic nervous system
alpha 1 receptors - ANSWER --inc cardiac contractility; vasoconstriction (inc BP)
-dilates pupils, dec salivary gland secretion
-inc bladder and prostate cx
alpha 2 receptors - ANSWER --inhibits NE release (promotes vasodilation and dec BP)
-dec GI motility and tone
beta 1 receptors - ANSWER --inc cardiac contractility, HR
-inc renin secretion and BP
beta 2 receptors - ANSWER --dec GI tone and motility
-bronchodilation
-inc blood flow in skeletal muscles
-relaxes smooth muscles of uterus
-activates liver glycogenolysis (inc blood glucose)
Direct acting adrenergic agonists - ANSWER -directly activates adrenergic receptor
(epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine)
indirect acting adrenergic agonists - ANSWER -stimulates release of NE from terminal
nerve endings (amphetamine)
mixed acting adrenergic agonists - ANSWER -stimulates adrenergic receptor sites and
stimulates release of NE from terminal nerve endings (ephedrine)
adrenergic agonists - ANSWER -Catecholamines: produce sympathetic response
- endogenous (epinephrine, NE, dopamine)
-synthetic (isoproterenol, dobutamine)
Noncatecholamines: stimulate adrenergic receptors. most have longer duration of action
than endogenous and synthetic (phenylephrine, metaproterneol, albuterol)
Epinephrine - ANSWER --CLASSIFICATION: adrenergic agonist
-USES: anaphylaxis, bronchospasms, status asthmaticus, cardiac arrest
-ACTION: Alpha1 inc BP, Beta1 inc HR, Beta2 promotes bronchodilation
-CONTRAINDICATIONS: cardiac dysrhythmias, hypertension, hyperthyroidism, DM,
pregnancy
, -SIDE/ADVERSE EFFECTS: cardiac (palpitation, tachycardia, hypertension),
restlessness, hyperglycemia, dyspnea, tissue necrosis at IV site, vfib, PE
-INTERACTIONS: beta blockers, digoxin, TCA and MAOIs
-INTERVENTIONS: monitor IV site, monitor vitals and EKG, monitor I&Os and assess
for bladder distention, avoid nausea and vomiting for pt, monitor blood glucose in pt with
DM
adrenergic antagonists - ANSWER -block effects of adrenergic neurotransmitter (block
alpha and beta receptor sites)
-alpha-adrenergic agonists and beta adrenergic agonists
alpha1 blockers - ANSWER --vasodilation/dizziness
-orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachycardia
-pupil constrict
-suppress ejaculation
-dec cx of smooth muscles in bladder, neck, and prostate
beta1 blockers - ANSWER --dec cardiac contractility
-dec pulse
beta2 blockers - ANSWER --bronchoconstriction
-cx uterus
-inhibits glycogenolysis (leads to hypoglycemia)
alpha adrenergic antagonists - ANSWER -drugs that inhibit a response at alpha-
adrenergic receptor site
-selective (block alpha1)
-nonselective (block alpha1 and alpha2)
-action (promote vasodilation)
-use (dec symptoms of BPH)
albuterol - ANSWER --CLASSIFICATION: beta2 adrenergic agonist
-USE: tx of asthma, prophylactic tx for asthma, tx of bronchospasms
-ACTION: stimulates beta2 adrenergic receptors in lungs (relaxes bronchial smooth
muscle) bronchodilation
Beta-adrenergic agonists - ANSWER --dec BP and pulse
-nonselective beta blockers
blocks beta1: dec BP and pulse
blocks beta2: bronchoconstriction, use with caution w pt with COPD or asthma
