,Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or
d d d d d d d d d d d d
transmission of this page is prohibited
d d d d d d
CHAPTER 1 d
PSYCHOLOGY: YESTERDAY AND TODAY d d d
CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES
d d d
1. Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
d d d d d d d d d d d
•
Psychology is the study of mental processes and behaviour.
d d d d d d d d
•
The goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and control behaviour and
d d d d d d d d d d d d
dment al d
processes. Psychologists vary in the degree to which they focus on some of these goals
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dmore than others.
d d
•
The study of psychology must occur at multiple levels, including the level of the
d d d d d d d d d d d d d
dbrain (th ed d
biological activity associated with mental processes and behaviour), the level of the
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dperso n d
(the content of mental processes), and the level of the group (social influences on
d d d d d d d d d d d d d
dbehaviour).
2. Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
d d d d d d d d d d d
•
Early explanations of human behaviour were rooted in superstition and magic.
d d d d d d d d d d
•
Later, philosophers, beginning with the ancient Greeks, tried to develop more objective
d d d d d d d d d d d
theories of human consciousness and reality.
d d d d d d
•
The work of such early philosophers as Hippocrates, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
d d d d d d d d d d d
contributed to the later formation of psychology as a natural science.
d d d d d d d d d d d
3. Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research
d d d d d d d d d d
methods.
d
•
The development of psychology has been strongly influenced by shifts in the social
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environment and development of new technology.
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•
The first psychology laboratory was founded in Leipzig, Germany, by physiologist Wilhel
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dm
Wundt. Wundt was interested in human consciousness and will, which he studied
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throug h
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small, structured activities that could be easily watched and replicated.
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,•
Structuralism, a school of thought developed by one of Wundt’s students, relied upon
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the use of introspection, the careful observation of human perception. The goal of the
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
structuralists was to find the smallest building blocks of consciousness.
d d d d d d d d d d
•
William James established the first psychology laboratory in the United States at Harvard.
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He helped shift the field’s focus to the functions of mental events and behaviours,
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forming a
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school of thought known as functionalism.
d d 9i d d
•
Gestalt psychologists studied human tendencies to perceive pattern rather than dividing
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consciousness into its smallest parts. They focused on putting together the “parts,” or
d d d d d d d d d d d d d
individual sensations, to create a “whole” or perception that went beyond the sum of
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the parts.
d d
4. Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic,
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cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
d d d d d d
•
Over the years, different fields of psychology emerged, with different ideas about what w
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das
the appropriate area of study for human psychology. Some of the most influential fields
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dDOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Psychology Around Us 4th Edition Ogden
d d d d d d d d d d
dnursytestbank.store
Psychology: Yesterday and Today d d d
1-2 d d d
Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or
d d d d d d d d d d d d
transmission of this page is prohibited
d d d d d d
were the psychoanalytic, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience schools of
d d d d d d d d d
thought.
d
•
Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytical theory focused on the importance of unconscious
d d d d d d d d d
ment al
d d
processes.
•
Behaviourists believed strongly that psychology should restrict its focus to the careful
d d d d d d d d d d d
stu dy
d d
of observable behaviours.
d d
•
Humanistic psychologists reacted against the mechanical portrayals of people by the
d d d d d d d d d d
behaviourists and emphasized individuals’ potential for growth and self-actualization.
d d d d d d d d d
•
, Cognitive psychologists reignited interest in the study of mental processes, comparing the
d d d d d d d d d d d
workings of the mind to the workings of computers.
d d d d d d d d
•
Biological science, including interest in the workings of the brain and in our genetic
d d d d d d d d d d d d d
inheritance, was the major influence on neuroscience approaches.
d d d d d d d d
5. Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in
d d d d d d d d d d d
psychology.
d
•
The theoretical and cultural diversity of the field of psychology has increased
d d d d d d d d d d d
dramaticall y
d d
over recent years.
d d
•
There are three key branches of psychology: academic, applied, and clinical/counselling.
d d d d d d d d d d
•
Across the three branches and many specialty areas in psychology, psychologists are
d d d d d d d d d d d
united by their shared values. Psychologists generally agree that psychology is theory-
d d d d d d d d d d d d
driven, empirical, multi-level, and contextual.
d d d d d
•
Currently, psychology appears to be developing as a science in response to a growing
d d d d d d d d d d d d d
diversity throughout the field, advances in technology (such as brain scanning), and the
d d d d d d d d d d d d d
development of new schools such as positive psychology.
d d d d d d d d
DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Psychology Around Us 4th Edition Ogden
d d d d d d d d d d
nursytestbank.store
d
1 - 3
d d
Test Bank for Psychology Around Us, Fourth Canadian Edition
d d d d d d d d
Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or
d d d d d d d d d d d d
transmission of this page is prohibited
d d d d d d
TRUE-FALSE STATEMENTS d
1. Mental processes describe the activity of our brains when we are engaged in thinking.
d d d d d d d d d d d d d
Answer: True
d d
Difficulty: Easy d
Bloomcode: Knowledge
d d
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis
d d d d d d d d d d d
psychologists use.
d d
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
d d d d
2. The person level of analysis may include how intelligence or motivation influences beh
d d d d d d d d d d d d
aviour.
d
Answer: True d
d d d d d d d d d d d d
transmission of this page is prohibited
d d d d d d
CHAPTER 1 d
PSYCHOLOGY: YESTERDAY AND TODAY d d d
CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES
d d d
1. Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
d d d d d d d d d d d
•
Psychology is the study of mental processes and behaviour.
d d d d d d d d
•
The goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and control behaviour and
d d d d d d d d d d d d
dment al d
processes. Psychologists vary in the degree to which they focus on some of these goals
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
dmore than others.
d d
•
The study of psychology must occur at multiple levels, including the level of the
d d d d d d d d d d d d d
dbrain (th ed d
biological activity associated with mental processes and behaviour), the level of the
d d d d d d d d d d d
dperso n d
(the content of mental processes), and the level of the group (social influences on
d d d d d d d d d d d d d
dbehaviour).
2. Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
d d d d d d d d d d d
•
Early explanations of human behaviour were rooted in superstition and magic.
d d d d d d d d d d
•
Later, philosophers, beginning with the ancient Greeks, tried to develop more objective
d d d d d d d d d d d
theories of human consciousness and reality.
d d d d d d
•
The work of such early philosophers as Hippocrates, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
d d d d d d d d d d d
contributed to the later formation of psychology as a natural science.
d d d d d d d d d d d
3. Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research
d d d d d d d d d d
methods.
d
•
The development of psychology has been strongly influenced by shifts in the social
d d d d d d d d d d d d
environment and development of new technology.
d 9i d 9i d d
•
The first psychology laboratory was founded in Leipzig, Germany, by physiologist Wilhel
d d d d d d d d d d d
dm
Wundt. Wundt was interested in human consciousness and will, which he studied
d 9i d d d d d d d d d
throug h
d d
small, structured activities that could be easily watched and replicated.
d d d d d d d d d
,•
Structuralism, a school of thought developed by one of Wundt’s students, relied upon
d d d d d d d d d d d d
the use of introspection, the careful observation of human perception. The goal of the
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
structuralists was to find the smallest building blocks of consciousness.
d d d d d d d d d d
•
William James established the first psychology laboratory in the United States at Harvard.
d d d d 9i d d d d d d d
He helped shift the field’s focus to the functions of mental events and behaviours,
d d d d d d d d d d d d d
forming a
d d
school of thought known as functionalism.
d d 9i d d
•
Gestalt psychologists studied human tendencies to perceive pattern rather than dividing
d d d d d d d d d d
consciousness into its smallest parts. They focused on putting together the “parts,” or
d d d d d d d d d d d d d
individual sensations, to create a “whole” or perception that went beyond the sum of
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
the parts.
d d
4. Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic,
d d d d d d d d
cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
d d d d d d
•
Over the years, different fields of psychology emerged, with different ideas about what w
d d d d d d d d d 9i d d d
das
the appropriate area of study for human psychology. Some of the most influential fields
d d d d d d d d d d d 9i d
dDOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Psychology Around Us 4th Edition Ogden
d d d d d d d d d d
dnursytestbank.store
Psychology: Yesterday and Today d d d
1-2 d d d
Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or
d d d d d d d d d d d d
transmission of this page is prohibited
d d d d d d
were the psychoanalytic, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience schools of
d d d d d d d d d
thought.
d
•
Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytical theory focused on the importance of unconscious
d d d d d d d d d
ment al
d d
processes.
•
Behaviourists believed strongly that psychology should restrict its focus to the careful
d d d d d d d d d d d
stu dy
d d
of observable behaviours.
d d
•
Humanistic psychologists reacted against the mechanical portrayals of people by the
d d d d d d d d d d
behaviourists and emphasized individuals’ potential for growth and self-actualization.
d d d d d d d d d
•
, Cognitive psychologists reignited interest in the study of mental processes, comparing the
d d d d d d d d d d d
workings of the mind to the workings of computers.
d d d d d d d d
•
Biological science, including interest in the workings of the brain and in our genetic
d d d d d d d d d d d d d
inheritance, was the major influence on neuroscience approaches.
d d d d d d d d
5. Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in
d d d d d d d d d d d
psychology.
d
•
The theoretical and cultural diversity of the field of psychology has increased
d d d d d d d d d d d
dramaticall y
d d
over recent years.
d d
•
There are three key branches of psychology: academic, applied, and clinical/counselling.
d d d d d d d d d d
•
Across the three branches and many specialty areas in psychology, psychologists are
d d d d d d d d d d d
united by their shared values. Psychologists generally agree that psychology is theory-
d d d d d d d d d d d d
driven, empirical, multi-level, and contextual.
d d d d d
•
Currently, psychology appears to be developing as a science in response to a growing
d d d d d d d d d d d d d
diversity throughout the field, advances in technology (such as brain scanning), and the
d d d d d d d d d d d d d
development of new schools such as positive psychology.
d d d d d d d d
DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Psychology Around Us 4th Edition Ogden
d d d d d d d d d d
nursytestbank.store
d
1 - 3
d d
Test Bank for Psychology Around Us, Fourth Canadian Edition
d d d d d d d d
Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or
d d d d d d d d d d d d
transmission of this page is prohibited
d d d d d d
TRUE-FALSE STATEMENTS d
1. Mental processes describe the activity of our brains when we are engaged in thinking.
d d d d d d d d d d d d d
Answer: True
d d
Difficulty: Easy d
Bloomcode: Knowledge
d d
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis
d d d d d d d d d d d
psychologists use.
d d
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
d d d d
2. The person level of analysis may include how intelligence or motivation influences beh
d d d d d d d d d d d d
aviour.
d
Answer: True d
