BSC 2011 Exam 1 Dixon |Questions and Answers
Cell Division/ Mistosis - -a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each
having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of
ordinary tissue growth.
-DNA Replication - -DNA unzips into two parts and splits with the cell. In it's new home
each side of the DNA strand attack to matching nucleotides to create 2 exact copies. It is
important in puberty and other times of growth as it is the reproducing of your cells.
-Operon - -A unit of genetic function common in bacteria and phages, consisting of
coordinately regulated clusters of genes with related functions.
operator, promoter, and the genes they control = entire stretch of DNA
ex) trp operon (Tryptophan) for E.coli genome
How the switch works: operon is turned on, RNA polymerase can bind to the promoter and
transcribe the genes of the operon. Operon switched off by the repressor
-Promoter - -A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and
indicates where to start transcribing RNA.
-Repressor Protein - -specific for the operator of a particular operon, has no effect on
other operons in the genome besides the one it is specific for.
repressor - binds to operator, blocks attachment of RNA polymerase to promoter,
preventing transcription of the genes.
-Transcription - -Process in which RNA is made from DNA
-Translation - -Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
-Chromosomes - -A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of
eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated
proteins.
-Significance of Coiling Chromatin - -
-Genome - -All of an organism's genetic material
-Chromatin - -Substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly
coiled around histones.
-Somatic Cells - -Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their
precursors.
-Reproductive Cells - -gametes
, -Interphase - -Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division;
consists of G1, S, and G2 phases.
-3 Stages of Interphase - -G1, S, G2
-4 Stages of Mitotic Phase PMAT - -Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase/Cytokinesis
-Cytokineses - -division of the cytoplasm
-Histones - -Globular protein that assist in DNA packaging in eukaryotes. Histones form
octamers around which DNA is wound to form a nucleosome.
-Prophase - -First phase of mitosis in which duplicated chromosomes condense and
mitotic spindle fibers begin to form.
-Prometaphase - -The second stage of mitosis, in which discrete chromosomes consisting
of identical sister chromatids appear, the nuclear envelope fragments, and the spindle
microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.
-Kinetochores - -Attachments between the microtubules and sister chromatids.
-Metaphase - -Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
-Anaphase - -Third phase of mitosis, beginning when sister chromatids separate from each
other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes have arrived at each of
the two poles of the cell.
-Telophase - -After the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis.
-Centrosome - -A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a
microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division. A centrosome has two
centrioles.
-Metaphase Plate - -An imaginary plane during metaphase in which the centromeres of all
the duplicated chromosomes are located midway between the two poles
-Cleavage Furrow - -The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell
surface near the old metaphase plate.
-Cell Cycle Checkpoint - -This takes place when the Cell Cycle stops after the G1 Phase, and
doesn't enter the S Phase. It checks to make sure the DNA is intact and that there are
enough building blocks available to build new DNA. If the cell does not match all of the
requirements at this point, Apoptosis takes place and the cell dies.
Cell Division/ Mistosis - -a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each
having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of
ordinary tissue growth.
-DNA Replication - -DNA unzips into two parts and splits with the cell. In it's new home
each side of the DNA strand attack to matching nucleotides to create 2 exact copies. It is
important in puberty and other times of growth as it is the reproducing of your cells.
-Operon - -A unit of genetic function common in bacteria and phages, consisting of
coordinately regulated clusters of genes with related functions.
operator, promoter, and the genes they control = entire stretch of DNA
ex) trp operon (Tryptophan) for E.coli genome
How the switch works: operon is turned on, RNA polymerase can bind to the promoter and
transcribe the genes of the operon. Operon switched off by the repressor
-Promoter - -A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and
indicates where to start transcribing RNA.
-Repressor Protein - -specific for the operator of a particular operon, has no effect on
other operons in the genome besides the one it is specific for.
repressor - binds to operator, blocks attachment of RNA polymerase to promoter,
preventing transcription of the genes.
-Transcription - -Process in which RNA is made from DNA
-Translation - -Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
-Chromosomes - -A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of
eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated
proteins.
-Significance of Coiling Chromatin - -
-Genome - -All of an organism's genetic material
-Chromatin - -Substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly
coiled around histones.
-Somatic Cells - -Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their
precursors.
-Reproductive Cells - -gametes
, -Interphase - -Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division;
consists of G1, S, and G2 phases.
-3 Stages of Interphase - -G1, S, G2
-4 Stages of Mitotic Phase PMAT - -Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase/Cytokinesis
-Cytokineses - -division of the cytoplasm
-Histones - -Globular protein that assist in DNA packaging in eukaryotes. Histones form
octamers around which DNA is wound to form a nucleosome.
-Prophase - -First phase of mitosis in which duplicated chromosomes condense and
mitotic spindle fibers begin to form.
-Prometaphase - -The second stage of mitosis, in which discrete chromosomes consisting
of identical sister chromatids appear, the nuclear envelope fragments, and the spindle
microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.
-Kinetochores - -Attachments between the microtubules and sister chromatids.
-Metaphase - -Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
-Anaphase - -Third phase of mitosis, beginning when sister chromatids separate from each
other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes have arrived at each of
the two poles of the cell.
-Telophase - -After the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis.
-Centrosome - -A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a
microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division. A centrosome has two
centrioles.
-Metaphase Plate - -An imaginary plane during metaphase in which the centromeres of all
the duplicated chromosomes are located midway between the two poles
-Cleavage Furrow - -The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell
surface near the old metaphase plate.
-Cell Cycle Checkpoint - -This takes place when the Cell Cycle stops after the G1 Phase, and
doesn't enter the S Phase. It checks to make sure the DNA is intact and that there are
enough building blocks available to build new DNA. If the cell does not match all of the
requirements at this point, Apoptosis takes place and the cell dies.
