Page |1
WGU D236 OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT FINAL VERSION 1
/WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OA FINAL EXAM NEWEST
2025/2026 NEWEST ACTUAL EXAM WITH COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS |ALREADY GRADED
A+|
Other causes of hypoxia include exposure to __________ in the
environment, such as occurs at high altitudes; inadequate oxygen
diffusion at the alveoli, as in pneumonia; suffocation injury; or
airway obstruction caused by a foreign body or inflammation of
oropharyngeal tissues. - ANSWER-low concentrations of oxygen
Basic Concepts of Cellular Injury
Causes of Cell Injury
Free Radical Injury
Cells generate energy in the mitochondria through a process
called __________. During this process, often described as a
respiratory burst, small amounts of reactive oxygen molecules are
produced as by-products. These reactive oxygen molecules are
, Page |2
referred to as free radicals or reactive oxygen species. Free
radicals are also present in many environmental substances such
as cigarette smoke, pesticides, and other toxins. - ANSWER-
oxidative phosphorylation
Basic Concepts of Cellular Injury
Causes of Cell Injury
Free Radical Injury
___________ have a single unpaired electron in an outer orbit
that creates instability and reactivity with adjacent molecules; they
react with constituents of the cell's plasma membrane and
organelle membranes, causing oxidative degradation. ________
are oxidizing agents with the ability to penetrate the cell's plasma
membrane, disrupt internal organelles, and damage the nucleus
and its DNA. - ANSWER-Free radicals
Basic Concepts of Cellular Injury
, Page |3
Causes of Cell Injury
Free Radical Injury
Cells have multiple mechanisms to remove free radicals and
thereby minimize injury. These mechanisms involve a series of
enzymes referred to as superoxide dismutases. However, free
radical generation can overwhelm the mechanisms of removal, in
which case a form of cell injury known as __________ occurs. -
ANSWER-oxidative stress
Basic Concepts of Cellular Injury
Causes of Cell Injury
Free Radical Injury
, Page |4
Individuals can counteract free radical injury through consumption
of antioxidants such as vitamins _________. - ANSWER-A, E,
and C and beta-carotene
Basic Concepts of Cellular Injury
Causes of Cell Injury
Free Radical Injury
Oxidative stress commonly occurs in cells that undergo transient
ischemia and subsequent resumption of circulation, also known
as ___________. Depending on the ischemic insult's intensity
and duration, variable numbers of cells may proceed to die after
blood flow is restored to tissues. This is because new damaging
forces are activated by reactive free radicals during the
reperfusion phase, causing the death of cells that might have
recovered otherwise. - ANSWER-ischemic-reperfusion injury
Basic Concepts of Cellular Injury
WGU D236 OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT FINAL VERSION 1
/WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OA FINAL EXAM NEWEST
2025/2026 NEWEST ACTUAL EXAM WITH COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS |ALREADY GRADED
A+|
Other causes of hypoxia include exposure to __________ in the
environment, such as occurs at high altitudes; inadequate oxygen
diffusion at the alveoli, as in pneumonia; suffocation injury; or
airway obstruction caused by a foreign body or inflammation of
oropharyngeal tissues. - ANSWER-low concentrations of oxygen
Basic Concepts of Cellular Injury
Causes of Cell Injury
Free Radical Injury
Cells generate energy in the mitochondria through a process
called __________. During this process, often described as a
respiratory burst, small amounts of reactive oxygen molecules are
produced as by-products. These reactive oxygen molecules are
, Page |2
referred to as free radicals or reactive oxygen species. Free
radicals are also present in many environmental substances such
as cigarette smoke, pesticides, and other toxins. - ANSWER-
oxidative phosphorylation
Basic Concepts of Cellular Injury
Causes of Cell Injury
Free Radical Injury
___________ have a single unpaired electron in an outer orbit
that creates instability and reactivity with adjacent molecules; they
react with constituents of the cell's plasma membrane and
organelle membranes, causing oxidative degradation. ________
are oxidizing agents with the ability to penetrate the cell's plasma
membrane, disrupt internal organelles, and damage the nucleus
and its DNA. - ANSWER-Free radicals
Basic Concepts of Cellular Injury
, Page |3
Causes of Cell Injury
Free Radical Injury
Cells have multiple mechanisms to remove free radicals and
thereby minimize injury. These mechanisms involve a series of
enzymes referred to as superoxide dismutases. However, free
radical generation can overwhelm the mechanisms of removal, in
which case a form of cell injury known as __________ occurs. -
ANSWER-oxidative stress
Basic Concepts of Cellular Injury
Causes of Cell Injury
Free Radical Injury
, Page |4
Individuals can counteract free radical injury through consumption
of antioxidants such as vitamins _________. - ANSWER-A, E,
and C and beta-carotene
Basic Concepts of Cellular Injury
Causes of Cell Injury
Free Radical Injury
Oxidative stress commonly occurs in cells that undergo transient
ischemia and subsequent resumption of circulation, also known
as ___________. Depending on the ischemic insult's intensity
and duration, variable numbers of cells may proceed to die after
blood flow is restored to tissues. This is because new damaging
forces are activated by reactive free radicals during the
reperfusion phase, causing the death of cells that might have
recovered otherwise. - ANSWER-ischemic-reperfusion injury
Basic Concepts of Cellular Injury
