Sociology Chapter 1 Uploaded Set Exam 2025

Sociology Chapter 1 Uploaded Set Exam 2025 Save Sociology - -the systematic study of the relationship between individuals and society Sociological perspective - -to see and understand the connections between individuals and the broader contexts in which they live Modernity - -characterized by the growth of democracy and personal freedom, increased reliance on reason and science to explain the natural and social worlds, and a shift toward an urban industrial economy Enlightenment - -an 18th century intellectual movement that combined a belief in individual freedom and respect for individual rights with the calculated logic of the natural sciences Industrialization - -the use of large scale machinery for the mass manufacture of consumer goods Consumerism - -a way of life that depends on the purchase and use of commercial goods and services Capitalism - -an economic system in which the machinery used for production is owned privately, workers are paid a wage, and market facilitate the exchange of goods and services Urbanization - -the growth of cities Auguste comte () - -stability and change French intellectual who coined the term "sociology" How and why do societies change? Positivism enabled a deeper understanding of human life and was the key to solving persistent social problems Positivism - -a belief that accurate knowledge must be based on the scientific method Herbert spencer () - -society as a social organism Sociology Sociology Sociology Theorized that society is made up of different parts, each with its own function, that work together to sustain the entire organism "survival of the fittest" Karl marx () - -the effects of capitalism Theorized that the exploitation of workers would eventually become so extreme that wage laborers would rise up and overthrow the capitalist system Socialism - -a system in which ownership of the major means of production- such as factories, utilities, and railways- is in public, rather than private, hands and government directs the use of productive forces of industry for the public good Emile durkheim - -social solidarity Established sociology as an academic discipline Core of his theory was that society is held together by shared cultural values Social solidarity - -the collective bonds that connect individuals Mechanical solidarity - -social cohesion based on shared experience and a common identity with limited individuality Division of labor - -people specialize in different tasks, each requiring specific tasks Collective conscience - -shared values of society Anomie - -normalness without moral guidance Max weber () - -the protestant ethic and the rationalization of modern life Tried to understand social action by viewing it from the perspective of the actor Theorized that tradition primarily influenced the actions of people Tradition - -beliefs and customs often charged with emotional significance that are passed from generation to generation Rationality - -the use of reason and logical calculation to achieve a goal as efficiently as possible Rationalization of society - -the long-term historical process by which rationality replaced tradition as the basis for organizing social and economic life Sociology Sociology Harriet martineau () - -gender discrimination First female sociologist W.e.b. du bois () - -racial inequality Jane addams () - -urban social problems Founder of the hull house Social theory - -a set of principles and propositions that explains the relationships among social phenomena Conflict - -refers to tensions and disputes in society Consensus - -refers to solidarity and cooperative interaction, often due to shared values and interests, which can contribute to social stability Objective conditions - -material aspects of social life Subjective conditions - -the world od ideas, including our sense of self, social norms, values, and belief systems Micro level of analysis - -theories that focus on small scale Macro level of analysis - -theories that focus on large scale social problems such as economy, politics, and population trends Meso level of analysis - -theories that focus somewhere between small and large scale issues Structural-functionalist theories - -focus on consensus and cooperative interaction in social life, emphasizing how different elements that make up a society's structure to it's overall operation Often referred to as just functionalist theories Manifest functions - -the recognized and intended consequences of social phenomena Latent functions - -largely unrecognized and unintended consequences Dysfunctional - -inhibiting or disrupting the working of a system as a whole Conflict theories - -focus on issues of contention, power, and inequality, highlighting the competition for scarce resources Sociology Sociology Symbolic internationalist theories - -focus on how people use shared symbols and construct society as a result of their everyday interactions Culture - -the collections of values, beliefs, knowledge, norms, language, behaviors, and material objects shared by a people and social transmitted from generation to generation Structure - -the recurring patterns of behavior in social life Power - -the ability to bring about an intended outcome, even when opposed by others Postmodernity - -a historical period beginning in the mid 20th century characterized by the rise of information-based economies and the fragmentation of political beliefs and ways of knowing Society - -a group of people who live together in a specific territory and share a culture Culture - -the collection of values, beliefs, knowledge, norms, language, behaviors, and material objects shared by a people and socially transmitted from generation to generation Socialization - -the process by which people learn about their culture Material culture - -refers to the physical objects produced by people in a particular culture, including tools, clothing, toys, works of art, and housing Nonmaterial culture - -refers to the ideas of a culture, including values and beliefs, accumulated knowledge about how to understand and navigate the world, and standards or "norms" about appropriate behavior Value - -deeply held principle or standard that people use to make judgments about the world, especially in deciding what is desirable or worthwhile