Test Bank AP Biology Chapter 14 and 15 Exam 2025

Test Bank AP Biology Chapter 14 and 15 Exam 2025 Hydrangea plants of the same genotype are planted in a large flower garden. Some of the plants produce blue flowers and others pink flowers. This can be best explained by which of the following? - -E) environmental factors such as soil pH A woman who has blood type A positive has a daughter who is type O positive and a son who is type B negative. Rh positive is a trait that shows simple dominance over Rh negative and is designated by the alleles R and r, respectively. A third gene for the MN blood group has codominant alleles M and N. Which of the following is a possible genotype for the mother? - -D) IAi A woman who has blood type A positive has a daughter who is type O positive and a son who is type B negative. Rh positive is a trait that shows simple dominance over Rh negative and is designated by the alleles R and r, respectively. A third gene for the MN blood group has codominant alleles M and N. 66) Which of the following is a possible partial genotype for the son? - -D) IBI The frequency of heterozygosity for the sickle-cell anemia allele is unusually high, presumably because this reduces the frequency of malaria. Such a relationship is related to which of the following? - -C) Darwin's explanation of natural selection The following question refer to the pedigree chart in Figure 14.2 for a family, some of whose members exhibit the dominant trait, W. Affected individuals are indicated by a dark square or circle. 41) What is the likelihood that the progeny of IV-3 and IV-4 will have the trait? - -C) 50% A woman who has blood type A positive has a daughter who is type O positive and a son who is type B negative. Rh positive is a trait that shows simple dominance over Rh negative and is designated by the alleles R and r, respectively. A third gene for the MN blood group has codominant alleles M and N. 68) Which of the following is a possible phenotype for the father? - -C) B positive 18) In the cross AaBbCc × AaBbCc, what is the probability of producing the genotype AABBCC? - -E) 1/64 Gene S controls the sharpness of spines in a type of cactus. Cactuses with the dominant allele, S, have sharp spines, whereas homozygous recessive ss cactuses have dull spines. At the same time, a second gene, N, determines whether or not cactuses have spines. Homozygous recessive nn cactuses have no spines at all. Biology Biology 61) The relationship between genes S and N is an example of - -B) epistasis. An ideal procedure for fetal testing in humans would have which of the following features? - -A) the procedure that can be performed at the earliest time in the pregnancy Tallness (T) in snapdragons is dominant to dwarfness (t), while red (R) flower color is dominant to white (r). The heterozygous condition results in pink (Rr) flower color. 57) A dwarf, red snapdragon is crossed with a plant homozygous for tallness and white flowers. What are the genotype and phenotype of the F1 individuals? - -D) TtRr—tall and pink What was the most significant conclusion that Gregor Mendel drew from his experiments with pea plants? - -B) Traits are inherited in discrete units, and are not the results of "blending." Marfan syndrome in humans is caused by an abnormality of the connective tissue protein fibrillin. Patients are usually very tall and thin, with long spindly fingers, curvature of the spine, sometimes weakened arterial walls, and sometimes ocular problems, such as lens dislocation. Which of the following would you conclude about Marfan syndrome from this information? - -D) It is pleiotropic. Which of the following describes the ability of a single gene to have multiple phenotypic effects? - -C) pleiotropy In certain plants, tall is dominant to short. If a heterozygous plant is crossed with a homozygous tall plant, what is the probability that the offspring will be short? - -E) 0 Which of the following calculations require that you utilize the addition rule? - -Calculate the probability of a child having either sickle-cell anemia or cystic fibrosis if parents are each heterozygous for both. Why did Mendel continue some of his experiments to the F₂ or F₃ generation? - -B) to observe whether or not a recessive trait would reappear What do we mean when we use the terms monohybrid cross and dihybrid cross? - -A dihybrid cross involves organisms that are heterozygous for two characters and a monohybrid cross involves only one. If flies that are heterozygous for both the bent wing gene and the vestigial wing gene are mated, what is the probability of offspring with bent wings only? - -E) 3/16 How many genes must be responsible for these coat colors in Labrador retrievers? - -B) 2 Biology Biology Two plants are crossed, resulting in offspring with a 3:1 ratio for a particular trait. What does this suggest? - -D) that the parents were both heterozygous for a single trait The flower color trait in radishes is an example of which of the following? - -D) incomplete dominance How many different types of gametes would be possible in this system? - -C) 4 In one type cross of black × black, the results were as follows: 9/16 black 4/16 yellow 3/16 brown The genotype aabb must result in which of the following? - -C) yellow If both children are of blood type M, which of the following is possible? - -A) Each parent is either M or MN. One species of green plant, with frondlike leaves, a spine-coated stem, and purple cup shaped flowers, is found to be self-pollinating. Which of the following is true of this species? - -D) Some of the seeds would have true-breeding traits. The individual with genotype AaBbCCDdEE can make many kinds of gametes. Which of the following is the major reason? - -D) different possible alignments of chromosomes Hutchinson-Gilford progeria is an exceedingly rare human genetic disorder in which there is very early senility and death, usually from coronary artery disease, at an average age of approximately 13. Patients, who look very old even as children, do not live to reproduce. Which of the following represents the most likely assumption? - -C) The disorder may be due to mutation in a single protein-coding gene. Mendel's observation of the segregation of alleles in gamete formation has its basis in which of the following phases of cell division? - -D) anaphase I of meiosis 39) Which of the plants will be true-breeding? - -A) 1 and 4 only What is the genotype of individual II-5? - -C) ww In each generation of this family after generation I, the age at diagnosis is significantly lower than would be found in nonfamilial (sporadic) cases of this cancer (~ 63 years). What is the most likely reason? - -Hereditary (or familial) cases of this cancer typically occur at earlier ages than do nonfamilial forms. Which of the boxes correspond to plants with a heterozygous genotype? - -D) 2 and 3 Biology Biology An obstetrician knows that one of her patients is a pregnant woman whose fetus is at risk for a serious disorder that is detectable biochemically in fetal cells. The obstetrician would most reasonably offer which of the following procedures to her patient? - -C) amniocentesis If each allele confers a unit of color darkness such that S1 has one unit, S2 has two units, and so on, then what proportion of their offspring would be expected to have five units of color? - -D) 1/2 Which of the following is the best statement of the use of the addition rule of probability? - -C) the probability that either one of two independent events will occur How could you best predict the maximum number of alleles for a single gene whose polypeptide product is known? - -E) Count the number of DNA nucleotides that are in the code for the polypeptides. If a homozygous bent wing fly is mated with a homozygous vestigial wing fly, which of the following offspring would you expect? - -A) all +bt +vg heterozygotes Which of the following is an example of polygenic inheritance? - -E) skin pigmentation in humans a1a1b2b2c1c2d1d2e2e2f1f2g1g1h1h2 What is the length of its tail? - -C) 12 cm When crossing an organism that is homozygous recessive for a single trait with a heterozygote, what is the chance of producing an offspring with the homozygous recessive phenotype? - -C) 50% A sexually reproducing animal has two unlinked genes, one for head shape (H) and one for tail length (T). Its genotype is HhTt. Which of the following genotypes is possible in a gamete from this organism? - -E) HT Given the parents AABBCc × AabbCc, assume simple dominance for each trait and independent assortment. What proportion of the progeny will be expected to phenotypically resemble the first parent? - -C) 3/4 In the F₂ generation of the above cross, which of the following phenotypic ratios would be expected? - -E) 6:3:3:2:1:1 The fact that all seven of the pea plant traits studied by Mendel obeyed the principle of independent assortment most probably indicates which of the following? - -D) All of the genes controlling the traits behaved as if they were on different chromosomes. If a young child is the first in her family to be diagnosed, which of the following is the best explanation? - -B) One of the parents has very mild expression of the gene. Biology Biology Which of the following provides an example of epistasis? - -C) In rabbits and many other mammals, one genotype (cc) prevents any fur color from developing. The doctor would be expected to advise which of the following? I. genetic counseling II. prenatal diagnosis when/if she becomes pregnant III. testing to see whether she has the allele IV. testing to see whether her future spouse or partner has the allele - -C) I and II only Which of the following differentiates between independent assortment and segregation? - -The law of independent assortment requires describing two or more genes relative to one another. Most genes have many more than two alleles. However, which of the following is also true? - -D) There may still be only two phenotypes for the trait. If doubly heterozygous SsNn cactuses were allowed to self-pollinate, the F2 would segregate in which of the following ratios? - -E) 9 sharp-spined:3 dull-spined:4 spineless Therefore, the most efficient and effective treatment is which of the following? - -C) Regulate the diet of the affected persons to severely limit the uptake of the amino acid. If 1,000 F₂ offspring resulted from the cross, approximately how many of them would you expect to have red, terminal flowers? - -A) 65 How many unique gametes could be produced through independent assortment by an individual with the genotype AaBbCCDdEE? - -B) 8 If true-breeding red long radishes are crossed with true-breeding white oval radishes, the F₁ will be expected to be which of the following? - -D) purple and long In cattle, roan coat color (mixed red and white hairs) occurs in the heterozygous (Rr) offspring of red (RR) and white (rr) homozygotes. Which of the following crosses would produce offspring in the ratio of 1 red:2 roan:1 white? - -B) roan × roan If snapdragons are heterozygous for height as well as for flower color, a mating between them will result in what ratio? - -B) 6:3:3:2:1:1 Of the following, which is the best use of this discovery? - -B) Design a test for identifying heterozygous carriers of the allele. Black fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Short tails (T) are dominant to long tails (t). What fraction of the progeny of crosses BbTt × BBtt will be expected to have black fur and long tails? - -D) 1/2 Biology Biology Cystic fibrosis affects the lungs, the pancreas, the digestive system, and other organs, resulting in symptoms ranging from breathing difficulties to recurrent infections. Which of the following terms best describes this? - -C) pleiotropy What are the most likely genotypes for the two blue budgies? - -C) yyBb and yyBb These results indicate which of the following? - -E) Epistasis is involved. A cross between a true-breeding sharp-spined cactus and a spineless cactus would produce - -A) all sharp-spined progeny. What is the genotype of the deceased individual in generation II? - -C) heterozygous for a gene for colon cancer A blue budgie is crossed with a white budgie. Which of the following results is not possible? - -D) green and yellow offspring Mendel's second law of independent assortment has its basis in which of the following events of meiosis I? - -C) alignment of tetrads at the equator What is the probability that individual III-1 is Ww? - -E) 1 From this pedigree, how does this trait seem to be inherited? - -D) as an autosomal dominant Mendel accounted for the observation that traits which had disappeared in the F₁ generation reappeared in the F₂ generation by proposing that - -C) traits can be dominant or recessive, and the recessive traits were obscured by the dominant ones in the F₁. Among the F₂ offspring, what is the probability of plants with white axial flowers? - -C) 3/16 If the environmental parameters, such as temperature, humidity, atmosphere, sunlight, and so on, are mostly Earthlike, which of the following do you expect of its types of leaves, stems, and flowers? - -E) Phenotypes would be selected for or against by these environmental factors. 37) Which of the boxes marked 1-4 correspond to plants with dark leaves? - -E) 1, 2, and 3 Mendel was able to draw his ideas of segregation and independent assortment because of the influence of which of the following? - -E) His reading of the scientific literature current in the field. Biology Biology Why did the F₁ offspring of Mendel's classic pea cross always look like one of the two parental varieties? - -D) One phenotype was completely dominant over another. When Thomas Hunt Morgan crossed his red-eyed F₁ generation flies to each other, the F₂ generation included both red- and white-eyed flies. Remarkably, all the white-eyed flies were male. What was the explanation for this result? - -B) The gene involved is on the X chromosome. Sturtevant provided genetic evidence for the existence of four pairs of chromosomes in Drosophila in which of these ways? - -B) Drosophila genes cluster into four distinct groups of linked genes. Which of the following is the meaning of the chromosome theory of inheritance as expressed in the early 20th century? - -B) Mendelian genes are at specific loci on the chromosome and in turn segregate during meiosis. Thomas Hunt Morgan's choice of Drosophila melanogaster has been proven to be useful even today. Which of the following has/have continued to mak