COMAT FBS [ACTUAL EXAM] LATEST VERSION
[QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS] WITH PRACTICE
EXAM DETAILED
Anemia mechanism - ANSWER-via blood loss that causes iron deficiency, hemolysis, or
reduced erythropoiesis
hypochromic microcytic anemia associated conditions - ANSWER-iron deficiency
anemia
thalassemia MINOR (only abn is Hb electrophoresis)
lead poisoning (prominent basophilic stippling)
chronic infection
iron deficiency anemia - ANSWER-hypochromic microcytic, "cigar cells"
milk babies
high bilirubin w a high reticulocyte count relates to - ANSWER-hemolytic anemia
Allergic rhinitis pathophysiology - ANSWER-APCs (dendritics) at mucosal surfaces
present peptides from allergens to MHC-II = ligand for naive CD4 = Th2 activation and
cytokine secretion / B cell isotype switching = IgE and eosino/mast/neutro proliferation
IgE binds to mast cells / basophils
allergic rhinitis early reaction - ANSWER-w/in 30min, type I HS
IgE binds mast cells = secretes histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes
allergic rhinitis late reaction - ANSWER-w/in 6hr
via eosinophil chemotaxis ; inflamm cells/eosinos/masts/Ts break down and remodel
nasal mucosa = nasal obstruction
anaphylaxis mechanism - ANSWER-first exposure = IgE Abs
second exposure = Ag's bind IgE Ab's on masts = large histamine release
at CV, skin, lungs = severe O2 deficiency at brain
,hypersensitivity types - ANSWER-1. IgE-mediated (allergies, asthma, anaphylaxis)
2. Cytotoxic ANTIBODY-mediated (IgM, IgG) (bullous pemphigoid, autoimmune
hemolytic anemia, good pasture)
3. Immune COMPLEX-mediated (Ag-Ab) (SLE, arthus reaction, serums sickness)
4. Delayed-type T cell/MQ-mediated (allergic contact dermatitis , TB, transplant
rejection)
(5. Autoimmune RECEPTOR-mediated (IgM, IgG))
thalassemia major - ANSWER-associated w severe hemolytic anemia
hyperplasia/expansion of bones via increased marrow space to accommodate = RBC
overproduction
chronic hypoxia
anesthesia mechanism - ANSWER-activate inhibitory CNS receptors (GABA[A])
inactivate excitatory presynaptic voltage-gated sodium channels in glutamatergic
synapse
anesthesia:
associated receptors / agents (6) - ANSWER-activate GABA(A [a-1/BZ1 and a-2/BZ2)
Cl- channels = hyperpolarizes = inhibits CNS
NMDA receptor antagonist (ketamine)
opioid rector agonists (Mu, kappa, delta)
two-pore potassium channel (K[2P]s) activation = hyperpolarizes = inhibits CNS
alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist (guanfacine, clonidine, tizanidine)
dopamine receptor antagonists (antipsychs)
four stages of anesthesia - ANSWER-1: analgesia (motion / breathing reduced,
amnesia, euphoria)
2: excitement (delirium, combative behavior, still reactive to touch)
3: surgical anesthesia (unconsciousness, loss of equilibrium, decreasing eye
movement, NOT reactive to touch)
, 4: medullary depression / death (resp / cardiac depression / arrest, NO eye movement)
what type of hypersensitivity is asthma - ANSWER-type I: IgE-mediated
asthma pathophysiology - ANSWER-Type I IgE-mediated
allergens/viruses/exercise = REVERSIBLE and RECURRENT SMOOTH MM spasms at
SMALL bronchioles and increased mucus = airway restriction
chronicity = airway remodeling (permanent structural changes in smooth mm/collagen)
bullous pemphigoid - ANSWER-Type II cytotoxic antibody-mediated
IgG autoAb's targeting DYSTONIN = anti-HEMIDESMOSOME Ab's = loss of
KERATINOCYTES to basement membrane adhesion
Candidiasis treatment - ANSWER-Fluconazole
cellulitis pathophysiology - ANSWER-via GAS, S aureus, MRSA
flora infects breaks through skin
spread into fascial lining = necrotizing fasciitis
S aureus = furuncles, carbuncles, abscesses
chlamydia trachomatis treatment - ANSWER-Doxycycline (+ ceftriaxone for gonorrhea
coinfection)
azithromycin (for trachoma)
contractions mechanism - ANSWER-non-pregnant (menstrual cycle): at sub-
endometrial layer of estrogen/progesterone receptor-rich myometrium ; frequency
increases toward ovulation, and decreases in luteal phase for possible implantation
labor: via oxytocin positive feedback ; prostaglandins / inflamm mediators = encourage
myometrial contractions and gap junction / connexin-43 expression
coronary vasospasm is caused by what agents (3) - ANSWER-Cocaine
sumatriptan
ergot alkaloids
[QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS] WITH PRACTICE
EXAM DETAILED
Anemia mechanism - ANSWER-via blood loss that causes iron deficiency, hemolysis, or
reduced erythropoiesis
hypochromic microcytic anemia associated conditions - ANSWER-iron deficiency
anemia
thalassemia MINOR (only abn is Hb electrophoresis)
lead poisoning (prominent basophilic stippling)
chronic infection
iron deficiency anemia - ANSWER-hypochromic microcytic, "cigar cells"
milk babies
high bilirubin w a high reticulocyte count relates to - ANSWER-hemolytic anemia
Allergic rhinitis pathophysiology - ANSWER-APCs (dendritics) at mucosal surfaces
present peptides from allergens to MHC-II = ligand for naive CD4 = Th2 activation and
cytokine secretion / B cell isotype switching = IgE and eosino/mast/neutro proliferation
IgE binds to mast cells / basophils
allergic rhinitis early reaction - ANSWER-w/in 30min, type I HS
IgE binds mast cells = secretes histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes
allergic rhinitis late reaction - ANSWER-w/in 6hr
via eosinophil chemotaxis ; inflamm cells/eosinos/masts/Ts break down and remodel
nasal mucosa = nasal obstruction
anaphylaxis mechanism - ANSWER-first exposure = IgE Abs
second exposure = Ag's bind IgE Ab's on masts = large histamine release
at CV, skin, lungs = severe O2 deficiency at brain
,hypersensitivity types - ANSWER-1. IgE-mediated (allergies, asthma, anaphylaxis)
2. Cytotoxic ANTIBODY-mediated (IgM, IgG) (bullous pemphigoid, autoimmune
hemolytic anemia, good pasture)
3. Immune COMPLEX-mediated (Ag-Ab) (SLE, arthus reaction, serums sickness)
4. Delayed-type T cell/MQ-mediated (allergic contact dermatitis , TB, transplant
rejection)
(5. Autoimmune RECEPTOR-mediated (IgM, IgG))
thalassemia major - ANSWER-associated w severe hemolytic anemia
hyperplasia/expansion of bones via increased marrow space to accommodate = RBC
overproduction
chronic hypoxia
anesthesia mechanism - ANSWER-activate inhibitory CNS receptors (GABA[A])
inactivate excitatory presynaptic voltage-gated sodium channels in glutamatergic
synapse
anesthesia:
associated receptors / agents (6) - ANSWER-activate GABA(A [a-1/BZ1 and a-2/BZ2)
Cl- channels = hyperpolarizes = inhibits CNS
NMDA receptor antagonist (ketamine)
opioid rector agonists (Mu, kappa, delta)
two-pore potassium channel (K[2P]s) activation = hyperpolarizes = inhibits CNS
alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist (guanfacine, clonidine, tizanidine)
dopamine receptor antagonists (antipsychs)
four stages of anesthesia - ANSWER-1: analgesia (motion / breathing reduced,
amnesia, euphoria)
2: excitement (delirium, combative behavior, still reactive to touch)
3: surgical anesthesia (unconsciousness, loss of equilibrium, decreasing eye
movement, NOT reactive to touch)
, 4: medullary depression / death (resp / cardiac depression / arrest, NO eye movement)
what type of hypersensitivity is asthma - ANSWER-type I: IgE-mediated
asthma pathophysiology - ANSWER-Type I IgE-mediated
allergens/viruses/exercise = REVERSIBLE and RECURRENT SMOOTH MM spasms at
SMALL bronchioles and increased mucus = airway restriction
chronicity = airway remodeling (permanent structural changes in smooth mm/collagen)
bullous pemphigoid - ANSWER-Type II cytotoxic antibody-mediated
IgG autoAb's targeting DYSTONIN = anti-HEMIDESMOSOME Ab's = loss of
KERATINOCYTES to basement membrane adhesion
Candidiasis treatment - ANSWER-Fluconazole
cellulitis pathophysiology - ANSWER-via GAS, S aureus, MRSA
flora infects breaks through skin
spread into fascial lining = necrotizing fasciitis
S aureus = furuncles, carbuncles, abscesses
chlamydia trachomatis treatment - ANSWER-Doxycycline (+ ceftriaxone for gonorrhea
coinfection)
azithromycin (for trachoma)
contractions mechanism - ANSWER-non-pregnant (menstrual cycle): at sub-
endometrial layer of estrogen/progesterone receptor-rich myometrium ; frequency
increases toward ovulation, and decreases in luteal phase for possible implantation
labor: via oxytocin positive feedback ; prostaglandins / inflamm mediators = encourage
myometrial contractions and gap junction / connexin-43 expression
coronary vasospasm is caused by what agents (3) - ANSWER-Cocaine
sumatriptan
ergot alkaloids
