Solutions Manual For
General Chemistry, 11th Edition
By Darrell Ebbing, Steven D.
Gammon
(All Chapters 1-24, 100%
Original Verified, A+ Grade)
All Chapters Arranged Reverse:
24-1
This is The Original Solutions
Manual For 11th Edition, All
other Files in The Market are
Fake/Old/Wrong Edition.
,172 Chapter 24: Polymer Materials: Synthetic and Biological
CHAPTER 24
Polymer Materials: Synthetic and Biological
■ SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES
241. This addition polymer is formed when vinylidene chloride adds to itself across the double bond.
+ CH2 CCl2 + CH2 CCl2 + CH2 CCl2 +
CH2 CCl2 CH2 CCl2 CH2 CCl2
■ ANSWERS TO CONCEPT CHECKS
241. The carboxyl group, –COOH, of either of the amino acids could be bonded through a peptide
bond to the amino group, –NH2,of the other. The structures of these two dipeptides are
H H
CH3 O HO C CH3 HO C CH3 O CH3
H2N C C N C COOH H2N C C N C COOH
H H H H H H
242. In RNA, the bases are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U), but not thymine (T).
The complimentary bases are A and T, A and U, and G and C. So, A in DNA would have U as a
compliment in RNA; T in DNA would have A as a compliment in RNA; G in DNA would have
C in RNA as a compliment; and C in DNA would have G in RNA as a compliment. Here, then, is
the RNA sequence complimentary to the DNA sequence given in the problem statement:
UACGAUGCCUAAGUU.
■ ANSWERS TO SELF-ASSESSMENT AND REVIEW QUESTIONS
241. An addition reaction is a polymer formed by linking together many molecules by addition
reactions. The monomers have multiple bonds that will undergo addition reactions. An example is
the formation of polypropylene from propene.
,173 Chapter 24: Polymer Materials: Synthetic and Biological
CH3 CH3 CH3
CH CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2
CH3 CH3 CH3
CH CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2
A condensation polymer is formed by linking together many molecules by condensation
reactions. An example is the formation of nylon.
H H
H N(CH2)6N H HO C(CH2)4C OH
O O
H H
H N(CH2)6N H HO C(CH2)4C OH
O O
H H H H
~ N(CH2)6N C(CH2)4 C N(CH2)6 N C(CH2)4C ~ nH2O
O O O O
242. The addition reaction for one isoprene molecule to another is
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
CH2 C CH CH2 CH2 C CH CH2 CH2 C CH CH2CH2 CCH CH2
243 . The chain polymer obtained by the reaction of ethylene glycol with adipic acid can be represented
by
244. The pi electrons in polyacetylene would have to shift as follows.
H H H H H H H H
C C C C C C C C
C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H
, Chapter 24: Polymer Materials: Synthetic and Biological 174
245. Experiments show that iodine inserts itself into the plastic between polyacetylene molecules,
where it forms triiodide ion. Each ion carries a negative charge that was abstracted from a pi
orbital of the polymer molecule. The polymer material is left with a positive charge, or hole. The
triiodide ion can facilitate the movement of an electron from an uncharged polymer molecule to a
positively charged molecule (a hole). In effect, the hole moves. The movement of holes through
the material constitutes an electric current.
246. The primary structure of a protein consists of the order, or sequence, of the amino-acid units in
the protein polymer. What makes one protein different from another of the same size is the
arrangement of the various possible amino acids in the sequence. For example, there are 120
different sequences possible for a polypeptide with just five different amino acids. The basis of
the unique conformation of a protein is the folding and coiling into a three-dimensional
conformation in aqueous solution due to the different side-chain amino-acid units. In stable
conformations, the nonpolar side chains are buried within the structure away from water, and the
polar groups are on the surface of the conformation, where they can hydrogen-bond with water.
247. The secondary structure of a protein is the simpler coiled or parallel arrangement of the protein
chain. The tertiary structure consists of the folded nature of the structure.
248. An enzyme is a specific body catalyst, usually a globular protein, that possesses active sites. The
specificity of an enzyme is explained by the active sites at which substrates will bind. Substrates
fit into the active sites as a key fits into a lock.
249. D-ribose and 2-deoxy-D-ribose have identical structures except that D-ribose has an –OH group
on carbon two whereas 2-deoxy-D-ribose has an –H instead.
2410. It is possible for glucose to exist in three forms in any solution such as blood: the straight-chain
form, the a-D-glucopyranose form, and the b-D-glucopyranose form.
2411. The complementary base pairs are the nucleotide bases that form strong hydrogen bonds with one
another: adenine and thymine, adenine and uracil, and guanine and cytosine. A DNA molecule
consists of two polynucleotide chains with base pairing along their entire lengths. The two chains
are coiled about each other to form a double helix.
2412. The only difference between ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides is the sugar:
Ribonucleotides contain b-D-ribose, and deoxyribonucleotides contain 2-deoxy-β-D-ribose, with
both sugars having furanose rings. Both form polymers by condensation (loss of H 2O).
2413. The genetic code is the relationship between the nucleotide sequence in DNA and the amino-acid
sequence in proteins. Genetic information is coded into the linear sequence of nucleotides in the
DNA molecule, and this coding then directs the synthesis of the specific proteins that make a cell
unique.
2414. A codon is a code structure in messenger RNA; each such structure has a particular sequence of
three nucleotides and is usually denoted simply by its bases. An anticodon is a triplet sequence in
transfer RNA complementary to the codon in DNA; the transfer RNA uses the anticodon to carry
an amino acid to a ribosome. The messenger RNA and transfer RNA bond to each other through
the codon and anticodon, respectively.
,175 Chapter 24: Polymer Materials: Synthetic and Biological
2415. There are four RNA bases, and three of these are arranged in a specific order in each codon. Since
there are four different possibilities for each base in the codon, there are 4 ´ 4 ´ 4 = 64 different
triplet codons.
2416. A polypeptide is produced as follows: Imagine you have a ribosome with messenger RNA
attached in the proper way for translation, and the first codon is in position to be read. (The
messenger RNA has been synthesized with a sequence of bases complementary to that of the
gene before attachment.) Transfer RNAs bring up various amino acids to be bonded to each other
until a termination codon appears to signal the end of the chain, which is then released from the
ribosome.
2417. The answer is d, amino and carboxyl.
2418. The answer is c, rubber.
2419. The answer is d, hydrogen.
2420. The answer is c, cytosine.
■ ANSWERS TO CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS
2421. a. Since a homopolymer consists of the same monomer units linked together, examples are
−A−A−, −B−B−, and −C−C−
b. Since a copolymer contains different monomer units linked together, an example is
−A−B−.
c. A ratio of one C unit to every two A units would produce the desired copolymer:
−A−C−A−.
2422. Polyacetylene has delocalized molecular orbitals extending over the length of the molecule
because double bonds alternate with single bonds over the length of the molecule. Each carbon
atom in the chain has one single bond and one double bond to an adjacent carbon atom. The
resonance structures are
H H H H H H H H
C C C C C C C C
C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H
, Chapter 24: Polymer Materials: Synthetic and Biological 176
For the molecule in the problem, the pattern of double bonds and single bonds does not alternate
regularly over the entire length of the molecule. Some of the carbon atoms do not have a double
bond, and there is no delocalization of electrons in these regions.
H H H H H H
C C C C C
C C C C C C
H H H H H H
H H
2423. The fully ionized form of glutamic acid is
2424. The possible tripeptides with two glycines and one serine are gly−gly−ser, gly−ser−gly, and
ser−gly−gly. Here are the structural formulas
O O O O
H2 NCH2C–NHCH2C–NHCHCOOH H2 NCH2C–NHCHC–NHCH2 COOH
CH2OH CH2OH
gly-gly-ser gly-ser-gly
O O
H2 NCHC–NHCH2 C–NHCH2 COOH
CH2OH
ser-gly-gly
2425. Mark off the message into triplets beginning at the left. Then refer to Table 24.3 to determine
which amino acid is represented by each triplet.
CUA | UAU | CGA | GGA | CAU | ACG | UGA
The corresponding amino-acid sequence is Leu−Tyr−Arg−Gly−His−Thr. The final triplet UGA is
the code to end the sequence.
2426. Refer to Table 24.3 for the sequences that translate to the different amino acids.
lys−pro−ala−phe−trp−glu−his−gly
One possible nucleotide sequence is
AAA CCU GCU UUU UGG GAA CAU GGU UAA.
The triplet UAA indicates the end of the sequence.
General Chemistry, 11th Edition
By Darrell Ebbing, Steven D.
Gammon
(All Chapters 1-24, 100%
Original Verified, A+ Grade)
All Chapters Arranged Reverse:
24-1
This is The Original Solutions
Manual For 11th Edition, All
other Files in The Market are
Fake/Old/Wrong Edition.
,172 Chapter 24: Polymer Materials: Synthetic and Biological
CHAPTER 24
Polymer Materials: Synthetic and Biological
■ SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES
241. This addition polymer is formed when vinylidene chloride adds to itself across the double bond.
+ CH2 CCl2 + CH2 CCl2 + CH2 CCl2 +
CH2 CCl2 CH2 CCl2 CH2 CCl2
■ ANSWERS TO CONCEPT CHECKS
241. The carboxyl group, –COOH, of either of the amino acids could be bonded through a peptide
bond to the amino group, –NH2,of the other. The structures of these two dipeptides are
H H
CH3 O HO C CH3 HO C CH3 O CH3
H2N C C N C COOH H2N C C N C COOH
H H H H H H
242. In RNA, the bases are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U), but not thymine (T).
The complimentary bases are A and T, A and U, and G and C. So, A in DNA would have U as a
compliment in RNA; T in DNA would have A as a compliment in RNA; G in DNA would have
C in RNA as a compliment; and C in DNA would have G in RNA as a compliment. Here, then, is
the RNA sequence complimentary to the DNA sequence given in the problem statement:
UACGAUGCCUAAGUU.
■ ANSWERS TO SELF-ASSESSMENT AND REVIEW QUESTIONS
241. An addition reaction is a polymer formed by linking together many molecules by addition
reactions. The monomers have multiple bonds that will undergo addition reactions. An example is
the formation of polypropylene from propene.
,173 Chapter 24: Polymer Materials: Synthetic and Biological
CH3 CH3 CH3
CH CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2
CH3 CH3 CH3
CH CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2
A condensation polymer is formed by linking together many molecules by condensation
reactions. An example is the formation of nylon.
H H
H N(CH2)6N H HO C(CH2)4C OH
O O
H H
H N(CH2)6N H HO C(CH2)4C OH
O O
H H H H
~ N(CH2)6N C(CH2)4 C N(CH2)6 N C(CH2)4C ~ nH2O
O O O O
242. The addition reaction for one isoprene molecule to another is
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
CH2 C CH CH2 CH2 C CH CH2 CH2 C CH CH2CH2 CCH CH2
243 . The chain polymer obtained by the reaction of ethylene glycol with adipic acid can be represented
by
244. The pi electrons in polyacetylene would have to shift as follows.
H H H H H H H H
C C C C C C C C
C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H
, Chapter 24: Polymer Materials: Synthetic and Biological 174
245. Experiments show that iodine inserts itself into the plastic between polyacetylene molecules,
where it forms triiodide ion. Each ion carries a negative charge that was abstracted from a pi
orbital of the polymer molecule. The polymer material is left with a positive charge, or hole. The
triiodide ion can facilitate the movement of an electron from an uncharged polymer molecule to a
positively charged molecule (a hole). In effect, the hole moves. The movement of holes through
the material constitutes an electric current.
246. The primary structure of a protein consists of the order, or sequence, of the amino-acid units in
the protein polymer. What makes one protein different from another of the same size is the
arrangement of the various possible amino acids in the sequence. For example, there are 120
different sequences possible for a polypeptide with just five different amino acids. The basis of
the unique conformation of a protein is the folding and coiling into a three-dimensional
conformation in aqueous solution due to the different side-chain amino-acid units. In stable
conformations, the nonpolar side chains are buried within the structure away from water, and the
polar groups are on the surface of the conformation, where they can hydrogen-bond with water.
247. The secondary structure of a protein is the simpler coiled or parallel arrangement of the protein
chain. The tertiary structure consists of the folded nature of the structure.
248. An enzyme is a specific body catalyst, usually a globular protein, that possesses active sites. The
specificity of an enzyme is explained by the active sites at which substrates will bind. Substrates
fit into the active sites as a key fits into a lock.
249. D-ribose and 2-deoxy-D-ribose have identical structures except that D-ribose has an –OH group
on carbon two whereas 2-deoxy-D-ribose has an –H instead.
2410. It is possible for glucose to exist in three forms in any solution such as blood: the straight-chain
form, the a-D-glucopyranose form, and the b-D-glucopyranose form.
2411. The complementary base pairs are the nucleotide bases that form strong hydrogen bonds with one
another: adenine and thymine, adenine and uracil, and guanine and cytosine. A DNA molecule
consists of two polynucleotide chains with base pairing along their entire lengths. The two chains
are coiled about each other to form a double helix.
2412. The only difference between ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides is the sugar:
Ribonucleotides contain b-D-ribose, and deoxyribonucleotides contain 2-deoxy-β-D-ribose, with
both sugars having furanose rings. Both form polymers by condensation (loss of H 2O).
2413. The genetic code is the relationship between the nucleotide sequence in DNA and the amino-acid
sequence in proteins. Genetic information is coded into the linear sequence of nucleotides in the
DNA molecule, and this coding then directs the synthesis of the specific proteins that make a cell
unique.
2414. A codon is a code structure in messenger RNA; each such structure has a particular sequence of
three nucleotides and is usually denoted simply by its bases. An anticodon is a triplet sequence in
transfer RNA complementary to the codon in DNA; the transfer RNA uses the anticodon to carry
an amino acid to a ribosome. The messenger RNA and transfer RNA bond to each other through
the codon and anticodon, respectively.
,175 Chapter 24: Polymer Materials: Synthetic and Biological
2415. There are four RNA bases, and three of these are arranged in a specific order in each codon. Since
there are four different possibilities for each base in the codon, there are 4 ´ 4 ´ 4 = 64 different
triplet codons.
2416. A polypeptide is produced as follows: Imagine you have a ribosome with messenger RNA
attached in the proper way for translation, and the first codon is in position to be read. (The
messenger RNA has been synthesized with a sequence of bases complementary to that of the
gene before attachment.) Transfer RNAs bring up various amino acids to be bonded to each other
until a termination codon appears to signal the end of the chain, which is then released from the
ribosome.
2417. The answer is d, amino and carboxyl.
2418. The answer is c, rubber.
2419. The answer is d, hydrogen.
2420. The answer is c, cytosine.
■ ANSWERS TO CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS
2421. a. Since a homopolymer consists of the same monomer units linked together, examples are
−A−A−, −B−B−, and −C−C−
b. Since a copolymer contains different monomer units linked together, an example is
−A−B−.
c. A ratio of one C unit to every two A units would produce the desired copolymer:
−A−C−A−.
2422. Polyacetylene has delocalized molecular orbitals extending over the length of the molecule
because double bonds alternate with single bonds over the length of the molecule. Each carbon
atom in the chain has one single bond and one double bond to an adjacent carbon atom. The
resonance structures are
H H H H H H H H
C C C C C C C C
C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H
, Chapter 24: Polymer Materials: Synthetic and Biological 176
For the molecule in the problem, the pattern of double bonds and single bonds does not alternate
regularly over the entire length of the molecule. Some of the carbon atoms do not have a double
bond, and there is no delocalization of electrons in these regions.
H H H H H H
C C C C C
C C C C C C
H H H H H H
H H
2423. The fully ionized form of glutamic acid is
2424. The possible tripeptides with two glycines and one serine are gly−gly−ser, gly−ser−gly, and
ser−gly−gly. Here are the structural formulas
O O O O
H2 NCH2C–NHCH2C–NHCHCOOH H2 NCH2C–NHCHC–NHCH2 COOH
CH2OH CH2OH
gly-gly-ser gly-ser-gly
O O
H2 NCHC–NHCH2 C–NHCH2 COOH
CH2OH
ser-gly-gly
2425. Mark off the message into triplets beginning at the left. Then refer to Table 24.3 to determine
which amino acid is represented by each triplet.
CUA | UAU | CGA | GGA | CAU | ACG | UGA
The corresponding amino-acid sequence is Leu−Tyr−Arg−Gly−His−Thr. The final triplet UGA is
the code to end the sequence.
2426. Refer to Table 24.3 for the sequences that translate to the different amino acids.
lys−pro−ala−phe−trp−glu−his−gly
One possible nucleotide sequence is
AAA CCU GCU UUU UGG GAA CAU GGU UAA.
The triplet UAA indicates the end of the sequence.
