NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology: Midterm Exam: Questions & Answers: Updated A+ Guide Solution

What does smooth muscle hypertrophy do in lungs? (Ans- causes increased bronchoconstriction Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells do what in the bronchials (Ans- promotes hypersecretion of mucus What are characteristics of epithelial cell metaplasia? (Ans- squamous cells become nonciliated and are less protective; allow passage of toxins and WBCs What does the migration of WBCs to the bronchials do? (Ans- increases inflammation of the cite and causes fibrosis in the bronchial wall How does the thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membranes effect the lungs? (Ans- leads to further narrowing of the bronchial passageways What acid-base disorder is seen in chronic bronchitis? (Ans- respiratory acidosis how does chronic bronchitis lead to respiratory acidosis? (Ans- hyperinflation of the alveoli causes CO2 retention Where does air enter the body? (Ans- naso and oropharynx (mouth and nose) Where does air go after it passes through the nose and mouth? (Ans- it passes through the trachea After air passes through the trachea where does it go? (Ans- goes into the left or right bronchi Where does air flow after the bronchi? (Ans- into the smaller bronchioles Where does air flow after the bronchioles? (Ans- into the alveoli Describe how blood flows to become oxygenated (Ans- - deoxygenated systemic blood flows from the vena cava to R atrium - Tricuspid valve opens to flow to R ventricle -Pulmonary semilunar valve opens and blood flows to the alveolar capillaries for gas exchange from the pulmonary trunk and L & R pulmonary arteries - blood goes from alveolar capillaries to pulmonary veins to return oxygenated blood to the left atrium - bicuspid valve opens to allow blood to go to left ventricle - aortic semilunar valve opens and blood goes to the aorta - aorta pushes oxygenated blood out to the body What is the formula for cardiac output (Ans- CO = HR x SV cardiac reserve (Ans- difference between resting and maximal CO; should be about 4-5x as high but does decrease 1% per year after age 30 What type of relationship does heart rate and stroke volume have? (Ans- inverse low HR = longer fill time = increase stroke volume high HR = lower fill time = lower stroke volume What is preload? (Ans- the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts/ amount of blood entering the ventricles during diastole average amount of preload? (Ans- 120-130 mls When fibers stretch during diastole how does that effect contraction? (Ans- contraction is stronger What happens when cardiac fibers overstretch during diastole? (Ans- decreased contraction due to fibers being unable to snap back What can cause increased preload (Ans- CHF and hypervolemia What can cause decreased preload (Ans- cardiac tamponade and hypovolemia What are two common causes of hypovolemia (Ans- dehydration and hemorrhage