ALU 301 Chapter 4- An overview of infectious disease UPDATED
ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
1. Koch's Postulates 1. The same pathogen must be found in all diseased individuals with the same sxs
(4 criteria) 2. The pathogen must be isolated from the individual with the dz and grown in a
culture
3. The same disease must be induced in an experimental animal by transfer of the
cultured pathogen
4. After the disease develops, the same pathogen must be isolated from the
experimental animal
2. First vaccine Prevent smallpox
3. Reservoir The native habitat in which the infective agent lives and multiples
4. 4 types of reser- 1. Symptomatic individuals
voirs 2. Carriers
3. Animals
4. Water, food, soil, air, fomites (ie inanimate objects that carry disease-causing
microbes)
5. Infection occurs When there is entry and multiplication of a microorganism or parasite in the body
of a host
6. Vector Usually an insect that injects the microbe through a bite
7. Infectious dz 1. Viruses must enter host cells in order to reproduce
complex process 2. Viruses often inhibit the immune system
3. Many bacteria produce toxins and damage host cells
4. Many diseases are caused by pathogens growing in normally sterile tissue
5. The inflammatory response triggered by the immune system combating the
disease is often responsible for the signs and symptoms of the disease
Microbes must invade, infect, and disrupt the cells of the host for the dz to occur
8.
, Direct Detection Use the microscope to view the microbe obtained in a tissue, body fluid or excreta
Methods sample.
9. Various stains to 2 commonly used
make organism Gram stain
easier to see Acid fast stain
10. Gram stain Used to differentiate between bacteria that have relatively thick cell walls and
take up the stain readily (gram positive) and those that have thinner cell walls
surrounded by outer membrane that does not stain (gram negative)
11. Acid fast stain Used to identify organisms that retain the staining dye even after being washed in
an acid solvent (ie acid-fast bacteria)
Ex tb and leprosy
12. culture and sensi- Grow microbe on an artificial culture
tivity Agar
Culturing viruses requires using a medium of living cells since virus cannot repli-
cate in vitro
Also use them to test the eflcacy of specific antibiotics
13. Immundiagnosis Nucleic acid probes- DNA or RNA that differentiate it from all other microbes. Can
be used for identification and direct detection of the infective organisms
14. Infectious Dis- Bacteria
ease-Causing Or- Viruses
ganisms Fungi
Parasites
15. Bacteria Most bacteria live in a symbiotic relationship with humans
Also used in genetic engineering
2/8
ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
1. Koch's Postulates 1. The same pathogen must be found in all diseased individuals with the same sxs
(4 criteria) 2. The pathogen must be isolated from the individual with the dz and grown in a
culture
3. The same disease must be induced in an experimental animal by transfer of the
cultured pathogen
4. After the disease develops, the same pathogen must be isolated from the
experimental animal
2. First vaccine Prevent smallpox
3. Reservoir The native habitat in which the infective agent lives and multiples
4. 4 types of reser- 1. Symptomatic individuals
voirs 2. Carriers
3. Animals
4. Water, food, soil, air, fomites (ie inanimate objects that carry disease-causing
microbes)
5. Infection occurs When there is entry and multiplication of a microorganism or parasite in the body
of a host
6. Vector Usually an insect that injects the microbe through a bite
7. Infectious dz 1. Viruses must enter host cells in order to reproduce
complex process 2. Viruses often inhibit the immune system
3. Many bacteria produce toxins and damage host cells
4. Many diseases are caused by pathogens growing in normally sterile tissue
5. The inflammatory response triggered by the immune system combating the
disease is often responsible for the signs and symptoms of the disease
Microbes must invade, infect, and disrupt the cells of the host for the dz to occur
8.
, Direct Detection Use the microscope to view the microbe obtained in a tissue, body fluid or excreta
Methods sample.
9. Various stains to 2 commonly used
make organism Gram stain
easier to see Acid fast stain
10. Gram stain Used to differentiate between bacteria that have relatively thick cell walls and
take up the stain readily (gram positive) and those that have thinner cell walls
surrounded by outer membrane that does not stain (gram negative)
11. Acid fast stain Used to identify organisms that retain the staining dye even after being washed in
an acid solvent (ie acid-fast bacteria)
Ex tb and leprosy
12. culture and sensi- Grow microbe on an artificial culture
tivity Agar
Culturing viruses requires using a medium of living cells since virus cannot repli-
cate in vitro
Also use them to test the eflcacy of specific antibiotics
13. Immundiagnosis Nucleic acid probes- DNA or RNA that differentiate it from all other microbes. Can
be used for identification and direct detection of the infective organisms
14. Infectious Dis- Bacteria
ease-Causing Or- Viruses
ganisms Fungi
Parasites
15. Bacteria Most bacteria live in a symbiotic relationship with humans
Also used in genetic engineering
2/8
