NUR2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology
Exam with Verified Answers
Pathophysiological reasons for edema - ✔✔Increased interstitial fluid
*increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
*decreased plasma oncotic pressure
*increased capillary permeability
*obstruction of the lymphatic system
Storing water in the interstitial space
The cardinal signs of inflammation and the reason for them - ✔✔Pain
Swelling
Redness
Warmth
inability to move (heat)
Triggered by mast cells, pyrogens cause fever producing molecules
Blood test for inflammation - ✔✔ESR- Erythrocyte sedimentation rate shows inflammation
markers
Types of fractures - ✔✔Simple: single break with bones staying in alignment
Transverse: straight across bone shaft
Oblique: at an angle to the bone shaft
Spiral: twists around bone shaft
Comminuted: multiple fx lines and bone pieces
, Greenstick: incomplete break bent bone
Compression: bone is crushed
Complete: broken into 2 or more pieces
Incomplete: partially broken
Impacted: one end of bone forced into the adjacent bone
Pathologic: weakness in the bone structure
Stress: repeated excessive stress
Depressed: skull broken forced inward on brain
Open: skin is broken
Closed: skin intact
Define cachexia - ✔✔wasting of muscle= weight loss+ weakness
Happens most in cancer
Properties of cancer cells - ✔✔Carcinogenesis
1. initiation- into of the agent
2. promotion- initiation of uncontrolled growth
3. progression- permanent malignant changes
Complications of bone fracture - ✔✔Compartment syndrome
Causes of Skin Disorders - ✔✔Alterations primarily result in impaired skin integrity
Aging
direct exposure
allergies
Exam with Verified Answers
Pathophysiological reasons for edema - ✔✔Increased interstitial fluid
*increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
*decreased plasma oncotic pressure
*increased capillary permeability
*obstruction of the lymphatic system
Storing water in the interstitial space
The cardinal signs of inflammation and the reason for them - ✔✔Pain
Swelling
Redness
Warmth
inability to move (heat)
Triggered by mast cells, pyrogens cause fever producing molecules
Blood test for inflammation - ✔✔ESR- Erythrocyte sedimentation rate shows inflammation
markers
Types of fractures - ✔✔Simple: single break with bones staying in alignment
Transverse: straight across bone shaft
Oblique: at an angle to the bone shaft
Spiral: twists around bone shaft
Comminuted: multiple fx lines and bone pieces
, Greenstick: incomplete break bent bone
Compression: bone is crushed
Complete: broken into 2 or more pieces
Incomplete: partially broken
Impacted: one end of bone forced into the adjacent bone
Pathologic: weakness in the bone structure
Stress: repeated excessive stress
Depressed: skull broken forced inward on brain
Open: skin is broken
Closed: skin intact
Define cachexia - ✔✔wasting of muscle= weight loss+ weakness
Happens most in cancer
Properties of cancer cells - ✔✔Carcinogenesis
1. initiation- into of the agent
2. promotion- initiation of uncontrolled growth
3. progression- permanent malignant changes
Complications of bone fracture - ✔✔Compartment syndrome
Causes of Skin Disorders - ✔✔Alterations primarily result in impaired skin integrity
Aging
direct exposure
allergies
