Page 1 of 188
NUR 631 ADVANCED PATHO FINAL EXAM 500
Questions and Verified Solutions Latest
Update This Year
NUR 631 ADVANCED PATHO FINAL EXAM
QUESTION: A patient is having an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction. What action by the
healthcare professional is best?
a. Give the patient an antihistamine.
b. Prepare to give the patient a blood transfusion.
c. Ask the patient is he/she is having pain at the site.
d. Apply warm, moist heat to the affected area. - ANSWER-ANS: A
Histamine is the most potent mediator in an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction (Type 1).
Histamine bound to H2 results in the degranulation of mast cells with the release of histamine.
Blocking histamine receptors with antihistamines can control some type I responses. The
healthcare professional would not need to give the patient blood; warm; moist heat; or ask
about pain.
QUESTION: A student asks about the mechanism that results in type II hypersensitivity
reactions. What description by the professor is best?
a. Antibodies coat mast cells by binding to receptors that signal its degranulation,
followed by a discharge of preformed mediators.
, Page 2 of 188
b. Antibodies bind to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids, and the
immune complexes are then deposited in the tissues.
c. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes or lymphokine-producing helper T 1 cells directly attack
and destroy cellular targets.
d. Antibodies bind to the antigens on the cell surface. - ANSWER-ANS: D
The mechanism that results in a type II hypersensitivity reaction begins with antibody binding
to tissue-specific antigens or antigens that have attached to particular tissues. The cell can be
destroyed by antibody IgG or IgM and activation of the complement cascade through the
classical pathway.
QUESTION: How are target cells destroyed in a type II hypersensitivity reaction?
a. Tissue damage from mast cell degranulation
b. Antigen-antibody complexes deposited in vessel walls
c. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes attack the cell directly.
d. Natural killer cells - ANSWER-ANS: D
The mechanism that results in a type II hypersensitivity reaction involves a subpopulation of
cytotoxic cells that are not antigen specific (natural killer [NK] cells). Antibody on the target cell
is recognized by Fc receptors on the NK cells, which releases toxic substances that destroy the
target cell. Tissue damage from mast cell degranulation occurs in type I hypersensitivity
reactions. Antigen-antibody complexes are active in type III hypersensitivity responses.
Cytotoxic lymphocytes are involved in type IV hypersensitivity responses.
, Page 3 of 188
Q; Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of which
problem?
Circulatory system cannot adequately perfuse tissues.
Complement and chemotaxis are deficient.
Underlying chronic illness(es) exists.
Number of mast cells is insufficient. - ANSWER-ANS: C
In some cases, impaired healing is not directly associated with aging, in general, but can instead
be linked to a chronic illness such as cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus. Older adults
may have circulatory problems, but that would not lead directly to impaired inflammation and
wound healing. Older people do not have deficient complement and chemotaxis, nor do they
have insufficient mast cell numbers.
QUESTION: In which structure does B lymphocytes mature and undergo changes that commit
them to becoming B cells?
Thymus gland
Regional lymph nodes
Bone marrow
Spleen - ANSWER-ANS: C
B lymphocytes mature and become B cells in specialized (primary) lymphoid organs—the
thymus gland for T cells and the bone marrow for B cells. Neither regional lymph nodes nor the
spleen are involved in changing B lymphocytes into B cells.
, Page 4 of 188
QUESTION: An individual's acquired immunity is dependent on the function of which cells?
(Select all that apply.)
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Macrophages
Opsonins
Neutrophils - ANSWER-ANS: A, B, C
T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells are involved in acquired
immunity. Opsonins are molecules that tag microorganisms for destruction by cells of the
inflammatory system; these cells are primarily neutrophils. Neutrophils are white blood cells.
QUESTION: The common hay fever allergy is expressed through a reaction that is mediated by
which class of immunoglobulins?
IgE
IgG
IgM
T cells - ANSWER-ANS: A
Type I reactions are mediated by antigen-specific IgE and the products of tissue mast cells. The
most common allergies (e.g., pollen allergies) are type I reactions. In addition, most type I
reactions occur against environmental antigens and are therefore allergic. Hay fever allergy is
not mediated by IgG, IgM, or T cells.
NUR 631 ADVANCED PATHO FINAL EXAM 500
Questions and Verified Solutions Latest
Update This Year
NUR 631 ADVANCED PATHO FINAL EXAM
QUESTION: A patient is having an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction. What action by the
healthcare professional is best?
a. Give the patient an antihistamine.
b. Prepare to give the patient a blood transfusion.
c. Ask the patient is he/she is having pain at the site.
d. Apply warm, moist heat to the affected area. - ANSWER-ANS: A
Histamine is the most potent mediator in an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction (Type 1).
Histamine bound to H2 results in the degranulation of mast cells with the release of histamine.
Blocking histamine receptors with antihistamines can control some type I responses. The
healthcare professional would not need to give the patient blood; warm; moist heat; or ask
about pain.
QUESTION: A student asks about the mechanism that results in type II hypersensitivity
reactions. What description by the professor is best?
a. Antibodies coat mast cells by binding to receptors that signal its degranulation,
followed by a discharge of preformed mediators.
, Page 2 of 188
b. Antibodies bind to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids, and the
immune complexes are then deposited in the tissues.
c. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes or lymphokine-producing helper T 1 cells directly attack
and destroy cellular targets.
d. Antibodies bind to the antigens on the cell surface. - ANSWER-ANS: D
The mechanism that results in a type II hypersensitivity reaction begins with antibody binding
to tissue-specific antigens or antigens that have attached to particular tissues. The cell can be
destroyed by antibody IgG or IgM and activation of the complement cascade through the
classical pathway.
QUESTION: How are target cells destroyed in a type II hypersensitivity reaction?
a. Tissue damage from mast cell degranulation
b. Antigen-antibody complexes deposited in vessel walls
c. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes attack the cell directly.
d. Natural killer cells - ANSWER-ANS: D
The mechanism that results in a type II hypersensitivity reaction involves a subpopulation of
cytotoxic cells that are not antigen specific (natural killer [NK] cells). Antibody on the target cell
is recognized by Fc receptors on the NK cells, which releases toxic substances that destroy the
target cell. Tissue damage from mast cell degranulation occurs in type I hypersensitivity
reactions. Antigen-antibody complexes are active in type III hypersensitivity responses.
Cytotoxic lymphocytes are involved in type IV hypersensitivity responses.
, Page 3 of 188
Q; Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of which
problem?
Circulatory system cannot adequately perfuse tissues.
Complement and chemotaxis are deficient.
Underlying chronic illness(es) exists.
Number of mast cells is insufficient. - ANSWER-ANS: C
In some cases, impaired healing is not directly associated with aging, in general, but can instead
be linked to a chronic illness such as cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus. Older adults
may have circulatory problems, but that would not lead directly to impaired inflammation and
wound healing. Older people do not have deficient complement and chemotaxis, nor do they
have insufficient mast cell numbers.
QUESTION: In which structure does B lymphocytes mature and undergo changes that commit
them to becoming B cells?
Thymus gland
Regional lymph nodes
Bone marrow
Spleen - ANSWER-ANS: C
B lymphocytes mature and become B cells in specialized (primary) lymphoid organs—the
thymus gland for T cells and the bone marrow for B cells. Neither regional lymph nodes nor the
spleen are involved in changing B lymphocytes into B cells.
, Page 4 of 188
QUESTION: An individual's acquired immunity is dependent on the function of which cells?
(Select all that apply.)
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Macrophages
Opsonins
Neutrophils - ANSWER-ANS: A, B, C
T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells are involved in acquired
immunity. Opsonins are molecules that tag microorganisms for destruction by cells of the
inflammatory system; these cells are primarily neutrophils. Neutrophils are white blood cells.
QUESTION: The common hay fever allergy is expressed through a reaction that is mediated by
which class of immunoglobulins?
IgE
IgG
IgM
T cells - ANSWER-ANS: A
Type I reactions are mediated by antigen-specific IgE and the products of tissue mast cells. The
most common allergies (e.g., pollen allergies) are type I reactions. In addition, most type I
reactions occur against environmental antigens and are therefore allergic. Hay fever allergy is
not mediated by IgG, IgM, or T cells.
