Solution Manual for Statistics for Nursing
Research: A Workbook for Evidence-Based
Practice 4th Edition by Susan K. Grove, All
Chapters Updated 2025 || TEST BANK
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
ii ii ii ii ii ii
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels i i
i
i i ofMeasurement: Nominal,
i
Ordinal, Interval, and
ii i i
ii
i i
1
Ratio i i
The iiquestions iiare iiin iibold iifollowed iiby iianswers.
1. In iiTable ii1, iiidentify iithe iilevel iiof iimeasurement iifor iithe iicurrent iitherapy iivariable.
iiProvide iia ii rationale iifor iiyour iianswer.
Answer: iiThe iicurrent iitherapy iivariable iiwas iimeasured iiat iithe iinominal iilevel. iiThese iidrug
iicategories iw ere iiprobably iideveloped iito iibe iiexhaustive iifor iithis iistudy iiand iiincluded iithe
iicategories iiof iidrugs iithe is ubjects iiwere iireceiving. iiHowever, iithe iicategories iiare iinot iiexclusive,
iisince iipatients iiare iiusually iion ii more iithan ii one ii category ii of ii these ii drugs ii to ii manage iitheir
iihealth ii problems. ii The ii current iitherapies ii are iinot iimeasured iiat iithe iiordinal iilevel iibecause iithey
iicannot iibe iirank iiordered, iisince iino iidrug iicategory ii can ii be ii considered ii more ii or iiless ii beneficial
iithan ii another ii drug ii category ii (see ii Figure ii 1-1; ii Grove ii & ii Gray, ii2019).
2. What i i is i i the i i mode i i for i i the i i current i i therapy i i variable i i in i i this i i study? i i Provide i i a
i i rationale i i fory
i our iianswer.
Answer: i i The i i mode i i for i i current i i therapy i i was i i β iiblocker. i i A i i total i i of i i 100 i i (94%) i i of i i the i i cardiac
i i patients
were i i receiving i i this i i category i i of i i drug, i i which i i was i i the i i most i i common
i i prescribed i i drug i i for i i thisis ample.
3. What iistatistics iiwere iiconducted iito iidescribe iithe iiBMI iiof iithe iicardiac iipatients iiin iithis
iisample?iDiscuss iiwhether iithese iianalysis iitechniques iiwere iiappropriate iior iiinappropriate.
Answer: i i BMI i i was i i described i i with i i a i i mean i i and i i standard i i deviation i i (SD). i i BMI
i i measurement i i resulted iiin ii ratio-level ii data ii with ii continuous ii values ii and ii an ii absolute ii zero
ii(Stone ii & ii Frazier, ii 2017). ii Ratio- iilevel iidata iishould iibe iianalyzed iiwith iiparametric iistatistics
iisuch iias iithe iimean iiand iiSD ii(Grove ii& iiGray, i2 017; iiKnapp, ii2017).
4. Researchers iiused iithe iifollowing iiitem iito iimeasure iiregistered iinurses’ ii(RNs) iiincome iiin iia
iistudy:iWhat iicategory iiidentifies iiyour iicurrent iiincome iias iian iiRN?
a. i i Less iithan ii$50,000
b. i i $50,000 iito ii59,999
c. i i $60,000 iito ii69,999
d. i i $70,000 iito ii80,000
e. i i $80,000 iior iigreater
What i i level i i of i i measurement i i is i i this i i income i i variable? i i Does i i the i i income i i variable
i i follow i i the iirules iioutlined iiin iiFigure ii1-1? iiProvide iia iirationale iifor iiyour iianswer.
Answer: ii In iithis ii example, iithe iiincome iivariable iiis ii measured ii at iithe iiordinal iilevel. iiThe
ii income ii catego- ii ries iiare iiexhaustive, iiranging iifrom iiless iithan ii$50,000 iito iigreater iithan ii$80,000.
iiThe iitwo iiopen-ended
AG ii1-1
,AG ii1-2 Answer i i Guidelines i i for i i Questions ii to i i Be i i Graded
categories iiensure iithat iiall iisalary iilevels iiare iicovered. iiThe iicategories iiare iinot iiexclusive, iisince
iicatego- iries ii (d) ii and ii (e) iiinclude ii an ii $80,000 ii salary, ii so iistudy ii participants ii making ii $80,000
ii might ii mark ii either i i (d) i i or i i (e) i i or i i both i i categories, i i resulting i i in i i erroneous i i data.
i i Category i i (e) i i could i i be i i changed it o ii greater iithan ii $80,000, ii making ii the ii categories
iiexclusive. ii The ii categories ii can ii be ii rank ii ordered ii from iithe iilowest ii salary ii to ii the ii highest
iisalary, ii which iiis ii consistent ii with ii ordinal ii data ii (Grove ii & ii Gray, ii2019; iiWaltz iiet iial., ii2017).
5. What iilevel iiof iimeasurement iiis iithe iiCDS iiscore? iiProvide iia iirationale iifor iiyour iianswer.
Answer: iiThe iiCDS iiscore iiis iiat iithe iiinterval iilevel iiof iimeasurement. iiThe iiCDS iiis iia ii26-item
ii Likert iiscale ii developed iito ii measure ii depression iiin ii cardiac ii patients. ii Study ii participants
iirated iitheir ii symp- iitoms ii on ii a ii scale ii of ii 1 ii to ii 7, ii with ii higher ii numbers iiindicating iiincreased
iiseverity ii in iithe ii depression ii symptoms. ii The iitotal iiscores ii for ii each ii subject ii obtained ii from
iithis ii multi-item ii scale ii are ii considered ii to iibe iiat iithe iiinterval iilevel iiof iimeasurement ii(Gray iiet
iial., ii2017; iiWaltz iiet iial., ii2017).
6. Were iinonparametric iior iiparametric iianalysis iitechniques iiused iito iianalyze iithe iiCDS iiscores
iiforithe iicardiac iipatients iiin iithis iistudy? iiProvide iia iirationale iifor iiyour iianswer.
Answer: iiParametric iistatistics, iisuch iias i i mean i i and i i SD, i i were i i conducted i i to
i i describe i i CDS i i scores ifor iistudy iiparticipants ii(see iiTable ii1). iiCDS iiscores iiare iiinterval-level
iidata iias iiindicated iiin iiQuestions ii5, iiso iiparametric iistatistics iiare iiappropriate iifor iithis iilevel iiof
iidata ii(Gray iiet iial., ii2017; iiKim ii& iiMallory, ii2017).
7. Is iithe iiprevalence iiof iidepression iilinked iito iithe iiNYHA iiclass? iiDiscuss iithe iiclinical
iiimportance iiof iithis iiresult.
Answer: iiThe iistudy iinarrative iiindicated iithat iithe iiprevalence iiof iidepression iiincreased iiwith
iithe ii greater iiNYHA iiclass. iiIn iiNYHA iiclass iiIII, ii64% iiof iithe iisubjects iiwere iidepressed, iiwhereas
ii11% iiof iithe isubjects iiwere iidepressed iiin iiNYHA iiclass iiI. iiThus, iias iithe iiNYHA iiclass iiincreased,
iithe iinumber iiof iisub- iijects iiwith iidepression iiincreased. iiThis iiis iian iiexpected iifinding iibecause iias
iithe iiNYHA iiclass iiincreases, ii cardiac iipatients iihave iimore iisevere iiphysical iisymptoms, iiwhich
iiusually iiresult iiin iiemotional iidistress, iisuch i i as i i depression. i i Nurses i i need i i to i i actively i i assess
i i cardiac i i patients i i for i i depression, i i especially i i those iin iihigher iiNYHA iiclasses, iiso iithey iimight
iibe iidiagnosed iiand iitreated iias iineeded.
8. What iifrequency iiand iipercent iiof iicardiac iipatients iiin iithis iistudy iiwere iinot iibeing
iitreated iiwith iian iiantidepressant? iiShow iiyour ii calculations iiand ii round iiyour iianswer iito
iithe iinearest iiwhole iipercent ii(%).
Answer: iiA iitotal ii iiof ii ii106 ii iicardiac ii iipatients ii iiparticipated ii iiin ii iithis ii iistudy. ii iiThe ii
iisample ii iiincluded ii 15 ii patients ii who ii were ii receiving ii an ii antidepressant ii (see ii Table ii 1). ii The ii
iinumber ii ii of ii ii cardiac ii patients i i not i i treated i i for i i depression i i was i i 91 i i (106 i i – i i 15 i i =
ii 91). i i The i i group i i percent i i is i i calculated ib y i i the i i following i i formula: i i (group
i i frequency i i ÷ i i total i i sample i i size) i i × i i 100%. i i For i i this i i study, i( 91 ii patients ii÷
ii106 ii sample ii size) ii× ii 100% ii= ii 0.858 ii× ii 100% ii = ii 85.8% ii= ii 86%. ii The ii ii final ianswer i i is
i i rounded i i to i i the i i nearest i i whole i i percent i i as i i directed i i in i i the i i question. i i You
i i could i i have ialso ii subtracted iithe ii 14% ii of ii patients iitreated ii with ii antidepressants ii from ii 100%
iiand ii obtained ii the ii 86% i i who i i were i i not i i treated i i with i i an i i antidepressant.
9. What iiwas iithe iipurpose iiof iithe ii6-minute iiwalk iitest ii(6MWT)? iiWould iithe ii6MWT iibe
iiuseful iiin iiclinical iipractice?
Answer: iiHa iiet iial. ii(2018) iistated, ii“The ii6-min iiwalk iitest ii(6MWT) iiis iia iimeasure iiof iithe
iisubmaximal, isteady-state ii functional ii capacity” ii of iicardiac ii patients. ii This ii test ii would ii be ii a
iiquick, ii easy ii way iito ii determine ii a ii cardiac ii patient’s ii functional ii status ii in ii a ii clinical ii iisetting.
ii ii This ii ii functional ii iistatus is core i i could i i be i i used i i to i i determine i i the i i treatment i i plan i i to
i i promote i i or i i maintain i i functional i i statusio f iicardiac iipatients.
, Answer i i Guidelines i i for i i Questions i i to i i Be i i Graded AG ii1-3
10. How iiwas iiexercise iiconfidence iimeasured iiin iithis iistudy? iiWhat iiwas iithe iilevel iiof
iimeasurementifor iithe iiexercise iiconfidence iivariable iiin iithis iistudy? ii Provide ii a iirationale
iifor iiyour iianswer. ii Answer: iiExercise iiconfidence iiof iithe iipatients iiwith iiheart iifailure ii(HF)
iiin iithis iistudy iiwas iimeasured iw ith iithe iiExercise iiConfidence iiScale iithat iiincluded iifour
iisubscales iifocused iion iiwalking, iiclimbing, il ifting i i objects ii of ii graded i i weight, ii and ii running
ii (see i i the ii study ii narrative). ii This i i was i i a ii rating ii scaleiw ith iivalues iiranging iifrom ii0 iito ii100.
iiThe iipatients’ iiscores iifor iithe iiTotal iiExercise iiConfidence iiscaleiand i i the i i subscales i i were
i i considered i i interval-level i i data i i and i i analyzed i i with i i parametric i i statistics, is uch iias iimeans
iiand iiSDs ii(see iithe iistudy iinarrative; ii Waltz iiet iial., ii2017).
Research: A Workbook for Evidence-Based
Practice 4th Edition by Susan K. Grove, All
Chapters Updated 2025 || TEST BANK
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
ii ii ii ii ii ii
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels i i
i
i i ofMeasurement: Nominal,
i
Ordinal, Interval, and
ii i i
ii
i i
1
Ratio i i
The iiquestions iiare iiin iibold iifollowed iiby iianswers.
1. In iiTable ii1, iiidentify iithe iilevel iiof iimeasurement iifor iithe iicurrent iitherapy iivariable.
iiProvide iia ii rationale iifor iiyour iianswer.
Answer: iiThe iicurrent iitherapy iivariable iiwas iimeasured iiat iithe iinominal iilevel. iiThese iidrug
iicategories iw ere iiprobably iideveloped iito iibe iiexhaustive iifor iithis iistudy iiand iiincluded iithe
iicategories iiof iidrugs iithe is ubjects iiwere iireceiving. iiHowever, iithe iicategories iiare iinot iiexclusive,
iisince iipatients iiare iiusually iion ii more iithan ii one ii category ii of ii these ii drugs ii to ii manage iitheir
iihealth ii problems. ii The ii current iitherapies ii are iinot iimeasured iiat iithe iiordinal iilevel iibecause iithey
iicannot iibe iirank iiordered, iisince iino iidrug iicategory ii can ii be ii considered ii more ii or iiless ii beneficial
iithan ii another ii drug ii category ii (see ii Figure ii 1-1; ii Grove ii & ii Gray, ii2019).
2. What i i is i i the i i mode i i for i i the i i current i i therapy i i variable i i in i i this i i study? i i Provide i i a
i i rationale i i fory
i our iianswer.
Answer: i i The i i mode i i for i i current i i therapy i i was i i β iiblocker. i i A i i total i i of i i 100 i i (94%) i i of i i the i i cardiac
i i patients
were i i receiving i i this i i category i i of i i drug, i i which i i was i i the i i most i i common
i i prescribed i i drug i i for i i thisis ample.
3. What iistatistics iiwere iiconducted iito iidescribe iithe iiBMI iiof iithe iicardiac iipatients iiin iithis
iisample?iDiscuss iiwhether iithese iianalysis iitechniques iiwere iiappropriate iior iiinappropriate.
Answer: i i BMI i i was i i described i i with i i a i i mean i i and i i standard i i deviation i i (SD). i i BMI
i i measurement i i resulted iiin ii ratio-level ii data ii with ii continuous ii values ii and ii an ii absolute ii zero
ii(Stone ii & ii Frazier, ii 2017). ii Ratio- iilevel iidata iishould iibe iianalyzed iiwith iiparametric iistatistics
iisuch iias iithe iimean iiand iiSD ii(Grove ii& iiGray, i2 017; iiKnapp, ii2017).
4. Researchers iiused iithe iifollowing iiitem iito iimeasure iiregistered iinurses’ ii(RNs) iiincome iiin iia
iistudy:iWhat iicategory iiidentifies iiyour iicurrent iiincome iias iian iiRN?
a. i i Less iithan ii$50,000
b. i i $50,000 iito ii59,999
c. i i $60,000 iito ii69,999
d. i i $70,000 iito ii80,000
e. i i $80,000 iior iigreater
What i i level i i of i i measurement i i is i i this i i income i i variable? i i Does i i the i i income i i variable
i i follow i i the iirules iioutlined iiin iiFigure ii1-1? iiProvide iia iirationale iifor iiyour iianswer.
Answer: ii In iithis ii example, iithe iiincome iivariable iiis ii measured ii at iithe iiordinal iilevel. iiThe
ii income ii catego- ii ries iiare iiexhaustive, iiranging iifrom iiless iithan ii$50,000 iito iigreater iithan ii$80,000.
iiThe iitwo iiopen-ended
AG ii1-1
,AG ii1-2 Answer i i Guidelines i i for i i Questions ii to i i Be i i Graded
categories iiensure iithat iiall iisalary iilevels iiare iicovered. iiThe iicategories iiare iinot iiexclusive, iisince
iicatego- iries ii (d) ii and ii (e) iiinclude ii an ii $80,000 ii salary, ii so iistudy ii participants ii making ii $80,000
ii might ii mark ii either i i (d) i i or i i (e) i i or i i both i i categories, i i resulting i i in i i erroneous i i data.
i i Category i i (e) i i could i i be i i changed it o ii greater iithan ii $80,000, ii making ii the ii categories
iiexclusive. ii The ii categories ii can ii be ii rank ii ordered ii from iithe iilowest ii salary ii to ii the ii highest
iisalary, ii which iiis ii consistent ii with ii ordinal ii data ii (Grove ii & ii Gray, ii2019; iiWaltz iiet iial., ii2017).
5. What iilevel iiof iimeasurement iiis iithe iiCDS iiscore? iiProvide iia iirationale iifor iiyour iianswer.
Answer: iiThe iiCDS iiscore iiis iiat iithe iiinterval iilevel iiof iimeasurement. iiThe iiCDS iiis iia ii26-item
ii Likert iiscale ii developed iito ii measure ii depression iiin ii cardiac ii patients. ii Study ii participants
iirated iitheir ii symp- iitoms ii on ii a ii scale ii of ii 1 ii to ii 7, ii with ii higher ii numbers iiindicating iiincreased
iiseverity ii in iithe ii depression ii symptoms. ii The iitotal iiscores ii for ii each ii subject ii obtained ii from
iithis ii multi-item ii scale ii are ii considered ii to iibe iiat iithe iiinterval iilevel iiof iimeasurement ii(Gray iiet
iial., ii2017; iiWaltz iiet iial., ii2017).
6. Were iinonparametric iior iiparametric iianalysis iitechniques iiused iito iianalyze iithe iiCDS iiscores
iiforithe iicardiac iipatients iiin iithis iistudy? iiProvide iia iirationale iifor iiyour iianswer.
Answer: iiParametric iistatistics, iisuch iias i i mean i i and i i SD, i i were i i conducted i i to
i i describe i i CDS i i scores ifor iistudy iiparticipants ii(see iiTable ii1). iiCDS iiscores iiare iiinterval-level
iidata iias iiindicated iiin iiQuestions ii5, iiso iiparametric iistatistics iiare iiappropriate iifor iithis iilevel iiof
iidata ii(Gray iiet iial., ii2017; iiKim ii& iiMallory, ii2017).
7. Is iithe iiprevalence iiof iidepression iilinked iito iithe iiNYHA iiclass? iiDiscuss iithe iiclinical
iiimportance iiof iithis iiresult.
Answer: iiThe iistudy iinarrative iiindicated iithat iithe iiprevalence iiof iidepression iiincreased iiwith
iithe ii greater iiNYHA iiclass. iiIn iiNYHA iiclass iiIII, ii64% iiof iithe iisubjects iiwere iidepressed, iiwhereas
ii11% iiof iithe isubjects iiwere iidepressed iiin iiNYHA iiclass iiI. iiThus, iias iithe iiNYHA iiclass iiincreased,
iithe iinumber iiof iisub- iijects iiwith iidepression iiincreased. iiThis iiis iian iiexpected iifinding iibecause iias
iithe iiNYHA iiclass iiincreases, ii cardiac iipatients iihave iimore iisevere iiphysical iisymptoms, iiwhich
iiusually iiresult iiin iiemotional iidistress, iisuch i i as i i depression. i i Nurses i i need i i to i i actively i i assess
i i cardiac i i patients i i for i i depression, i i especially i i those iin iihigher iiNYHA iiclasses, iiso iithey iimight
iibe iidiagnosed iiand iitreated iias iineeded.
8. What iifrequency iiand iipercent iiof iicardiac iipatients iiin iithis iistudy iiwere iinot iibeing
iitreated iiwith iian iiantidepressant? iiShow iiyour ii calculations iiand ii round iiyour iianswer iito
iithe iinearest iiwhole iipercent ii(%).
Answer: iiA iitotal ii iiof ii ii106 ii iicardiac ii iipatients ii iiparticipated ii iiin ii iithis ii iistudy. ii iiThe ii
iisample ii iiincluded ii 15 ii patients ii who ii were ii receiving ii an ii antidepressant ii (see ii Table ii 1). ii The ii
iinumber ii ii of ii ii cardiac ii patients i i not i i treated i i for i i depression i i was i i 91 i i (106 i i – i i 15 i i =
ii 91). i i The i i group i i percent i i is i i calculated ib y i i the i i following i i formula: i i (group
i i frequency i i ÷ i i total i i sample i i size) i i × i i 100%. i i For i i this i i study, i( 91 ii patients ii÷
ii106 ii sample ii size) ii× ii 100% ii= ii 0.858 ii× ii 100% ii = ii 85.8% ii= ii 86%. ii The ii ii final ianswer i i is
i i rounded i i to i i the i i nearest i i whole i i percent i i as i i directed i i in i i the i i question. i i You
i i could i i have ialso ii subtracted iithe ii 14% ii of ii patients iitreated ii with ii antidepressants ii from ii 100%
iiand ii obtained ii the ii 86% i i who i i were i i not i i treated i i with i i an i i antidepressant.
9. What iiwas iithe iipurpose iiof iithe ii6-minute iiwalk iitest ii(6MWT)? iiWould iithe ii6MWT iibe
iiuseful iiin iiclinical iipractice?
Answer: iiHa iiet iial. ii(2018) iistated, ii“The ii6-min iiwalk iitest ii(6MWT) iiis iia iimeasure iiof iithe
iisubmaximal, isteady-state ii functional ii capacity” ii of iicardiac ii patients. ii This ii test ii would ii be ii a
iiquick, ii easy ii way iito ii determine ii a ii cardiac ii patient’s ii functional ii status ii in ii a ii clinical ii iisetting.
ii ii This ii ii functional ii iistatus is core i i could i i be i i used i i to i i determine i i the i i treatment i i plan i i to
i i promote i i or i i maintain i i functional i i statusio f iicardiac iipatients.
, Answer i i Guidelines i i for i i Questions i i to i i Be i i Graded AG ii1-3
10. How iiwas iiexercise iiconfidence iimeasured iiin iithis iistudy? iiWhat iiwas iithe iilevel iiof
iimeasurementifor iithe iiexercise iiconfidence iivariable iiin iithis iistudy? ii Provide ii a iirationale
iifor iiyour iianswer. ii Answer: iiExercise iiconfidence iiof iithe iipatients iiwith iiheart iifailure ii(HF)
iiin iithis iistudy iiwas iimeasured iw ith iithe iiExercise iiConfidence iiScale iithat iiincluded iifour
iisubscales iifocused iion iiwalking, iiclimbing, il ifting i i objects ii of ii graded i i weight, ii and ii running
ii (see i i the ii study ii narrative). ii This i i was i i a ii rating ii scaleiw ith iivalues iiranging iifrom ii0 iito ii100.
iiThe iipatients’ iiscores iifor iithe iiTotal iiExercise iiConfidence iiscaleiand i i the i i subscales i i were
i i considered i i interval-level i i data i i and i i analyzed i i with i i parametric i i statistics, is uch iias iimeans
iiand iiSDs ii(see iithe iistudy iinarrative; ii Waltz iiet iial., ii2017).
