Aankoop en handel
Inhoudsopgave
1 Aankoopmanagement................................................................................................................................. 5
1.1 Aankoopproces...............................................................................................................................................5
1.2 Specificeren.....................................................................................................................................................6
OEM = Original Equipment Manufacturer.......................................................................................................6
Auto-industrie..................................................................................................................................................6
Computer software..........................................................................................................................................6
Elektronica.......................................................................................................................................................6
Productie..........................................................................................................................................................6
IAM = Independent Aftermarket Parts............................................................................................................6
Benchmarking..................................................................................................................................................7
Maken of kopen?.............................................................................................................................................7
Interne klant....................................................................................................................................................7
1.3 Specificeren in de organisatie.........................................................................................................................8
Decision Making Unit (DMU)...........................................................................................................................8
Specificeren......................................................................................................................................................9
2 Types aankoop.......................................................................................................................................... 10
2.1 Directe versus indirecte aankoop.................................................................................................................10
2.2 Investeringen................................................................................................................................................10
Investering.....................................................................................................................................................10
Criteria...........................................................................................................................................................11
Terugverdientijd (payback periode)..............................................................................................................11
Rendement....................................................................................................................................................11
Korting op cashflow.......................................................................................................................................12
Rol van de aankoper......................................................................................................................................12
2.3 Capex versus Opex uitgaven.........................................................................................................................12
Capex: capital expenditure............................................................................................................................12
Opex: operational expenditure.....................................................................................................................13
2.4 Goederen & diensten....................................................................................................................................13
Goederen.......................................................................................................................................................13
Diensten.........................................................................................................................................................14
Service level agreements...............................................................................................................................15
3 Groepsaankopen....................................................................................................................................... 16
3.1 Definitie.........................................................................................................................................................16
3.2 Types.............................................................................................................................................................17
Verticale markt..............................................................................................................................................17
Horizontale markt..........................................................................................................................................17
Master buyer.................................................................................................................................................17
3.3 Voordelen......................................................................................................................................................18
3.4 Nadelen.........................................................................................................................................................18
3.5 SWOT-analyse...............................................................................................................................................19
Strength.........................................................................................................................................................19
Weakness.......................................................................................................................................................19
Opportunities.................................................................................................................................................19
, Threat.............................................................................................................................................................19
3.6 Lidmaatschap...............................................................................................................................................19
Voor- en nadelen...........................................................................................................................................19
Lidgeld............................................................................................................................................................20
3.7 Uitdagingen..................................................................................................................................................20
Potentiële stoorzenders................................................................................................................................20
4 Types goederen......................................................................................................................................... 21
4.1 3 economische sectoren...............................................................................................................................21
4.2 Soorten goederen.........................................................................................................................................22
Private goederen...........................................................................................................................................22
Publieke goederen.........................................................................................................................................22
Gemeenschappelijke goederen.....................................................................................................................22
Club goods.....................................................................................................................................................22
4.3 Schaalvoordelen...........................................................................................................................................23
4.4 Prijselasticiteit..............................................................................................................................................23
Uitleg..............................................................................................................................................................23
Bepalende factoren.......................................................................................................................................24
4.5 Factoren die een verschuiving in de vraagcurve veroorzaken......................................................................24
4.6 De macht van leveranciers en aankopers.....................................................................................................26
5 Taak van de aankoper............................................................................................................................... 27
5.1 Het aankoopproces.......................................................................................................................................27
Waardeketenanalyse.....................................................................................................................................27
5.2 Strategische aankoop...................................................................................................................................29
5.3 Tactische aankoop........................................................................................................................................29
Wat?...............................................................................................................................................................29
Waarom?.......................................................................................................................................................30
Taken:............................................................................................................................................................30
De markt onderzoeken..................................................................................................................................30
Eigenschappen van een goede leverancier...................................................................................................30
Organisatie per eindproduct.........................................................................................................................31
Organisatie per categorie..............................................................................................................................31
Organisatie op basis van waarde-indeling.....................................................................................................31
Aankoopcategorie..........................................................................................................................................31
Categoriemanagers........................................................................................................................................31
5.4 Operationele aankoop..................................................................................................................................31
Wat?...............................................................................................................................................................31
Backorder.......................................................................................................................................................32
Distributeur....................................................................................................................................................32
6 Aankoop stap voor stap............................................................................................................................. 33
6.1 Voorbereiding...............................................................................................................................................33
Aankoopplanning...........................................................................................................................................33
6.2 Stakeholders.................................................................................................................................................34
Intern.............................................................................................................................................................34
Extern.............................................................................................................................................................35
6.3 Specificeren...................................................................................................................................................35
6.4 Selecteren.....................................................................................................................................................37
, Termen...........................................................................................................................................................37
Europese aanbestedingen.............................................................................................................................37
6.5 Contracteren.................................................................................................................................................38
6.6 Bestellingen, leveringen en opvolging..........................................................................................................42
Bestellen........................................................................................................................................................42
Leveringen.....................................................................................................................................................43
Bewaken........................................................................................................................................................44
6.7 Opvolging van de prestaties.........................................................................................................................44
7 Strategisch aankopen................................................................................................................................ 45
7.1 Strategisch aankopen...................................................................................................................................45
Definitie.........................................................................................................................................................45
Outsourcing...................................................................................................................................................45
Offshoring......................................................................................................................................................46
Onshoring......................................................................................................................................................46
7.2 Categoriemanagement.................................................................................................................................46
8 Toolkit...................................................................................................................................................... 48
8.1 Peter Kraljic Portfolio Matrix........................................................................................................................48
8.2 Day one analysetool.....................................................................................................................................49
8.3 Pest analyse..................................................................................................................................................51
9 MRP.......................................................................................................................................................... 53
9.1 MRP-I: material requirements planning.......................................................................................................53
Definitie.........................................................................................................................................................53
Uitvoering......................................................................................................................................................54
9.2 MRP-II: manufacturing resources planning..................................................................................................54
Definitie.........................................................................................................................................................54
Principe..........................................................................................................................................................55
10. Contract management............................................................................................................................ 56
10.1 Contract management...............................................................................................................................56
Definitie.........................................................................................................................................................56
Fasen van het contractbeheer.......................................................................................................................56
10.2 Wettelijke bepalingen.................................................................................................................................58
Definitie.........................................................................................................................................................58
Recht..............................................................................................................................................................58
10.3 Voorwaarden..............................................................................................................................................58
11 SLA management.................................................................................................................................... 59
11.1 Definitie......................................................................................................................................................59
11.2 Doel.............................................................................................................................................................59
11.3 Inhoud.........................................................................................................................................................59
12 Methodieken voor prijszetting................................................................................................................. 60
12.1 Definitie......................................................................................................................................................60
12.2 Staffelprijzen...............................................................................................................................................60
12.2 Volumeprijzen.............................................................................................................................................60
, 12.4 Kwantumkorting.........................................................................................................................................60
12.5 Dynamische prijsopbouw............................................................................................................................60
12.6 Kortingen....................................................................................................................................................61
13 Supplier relationship management.......................................................................................................... 62
13.1 Definitie......................................................................................................................................................62
13.2 Relaties.......................................................................................................................................................62
13.3 Segmentatie van leveranciers.....................................................................................................................63
14 Outsourcing............................................................................................................................................ 66
14.1 In China.......................................................................................................................................................66
16 ISO 9001 + Internationale handel............................................................................................................. 68
16.1 ISO 9001......................................................................................................................................................68
16.1.1 Definitie..............................................................................................................................................68
16.1.2 Kwaliteitshandboek............................................................................................................................68
16.2 Internationale handel.................................................................................................................................70
16.2.1 De wereld is gekrompen.....................................................................................................................70
16.2.2 Maritiem transport.............................................................................................................................70
16.2.3 Spoor...................................................................................................................................................71
16.2.4 Vrachtwagen.......................................................................................................................................71
16.2.5 Luchtvaart...........................................................................................................................................71
16.2.6 Kenmerken vervoersvormen..............................................................................................................72
Inhoudsopgave
1 Aankoopmanagement................................................................................................................................. 5
1.1 Aankoopproces...............................................................................................................................................5
1.2 Specificeren.....................................................................................................................................................6
OEM = Original Equipment Manufacturer.......................................................................................................6
Auto-industrie..................................................................................................................................................6
Computer software..........................................................................................................................................6
Elektronica.......................................................................................................................................................6
Productie..........................................................................................................................................................6
IAM = Independent Aftermarket Parts............................................................................................................6
Benchmarking..................................................................................................................................................7
Maken of kopen?.............................................................................................................................................7
Interne klant....................................................................................................................................................7
1.3 Specificeren in de organisatie.........................................................................................................................8
Decision Making Unit (DMU)...........................................................................................................................8
Specificeren......................................................................................................................................................9
2 Types aankoop.......................................................................................................................................... 10
2.1 Directe versus indirecte aankoop.................................................................................................................10
2.2 Investeringen................................................................................................................................................10
Investering.....................................................................................................................................................10
Criteria...........................................................................................................................................................11
Terugverdientijd (payback periode)..............................................................................................................11
Rendement....................................................................................................................................................11
Korting op cashflow.......................................................................................................................................12
Rol van de aankoper......................................................................................................................................12
2.3 Capex versus Opex uitgaven.........................................................................................................................12
Capex: capital expenditure............................................................................................................................12
Opex: operational expenditure.....................................................................................................................13
2.4 Goederen & diensten....................................................................................................................................13
Goederen.......................................................................................................................................................13
Diensten.........................................................................................................................................................14
Service level agreements...............................................................................................................................15
3 Groepsaankopen....................................................................................................................................... 16
3.1 Definitie.........................................................................................................................................................16
3.2 Types.............................................................................................................................................................17
Verticale markt..............................................................................................................................................17
Horizontale markt..........................................................................................................................................17
Master buyer.................................................................................................................................................17
3.3 Voordelen......................................................................................................................................................18
3.4 Nadelen.........................................................................................................................................................18
3.5 SWOT-analyse...............................................................................................................................................19
Strength.........................................................................................................................................................19
Weakness.......................................................................................................................................................19
Opportunities.................................................................................................................................................19
, Threat.............................................................................................................................................................19
3.6 Lidmaatschap...............................................................................................................................................19
Voor- en nadelen...........................................................................................................................................19
Lidgeld............................................................................................................................................................20
3.7 Uitdagingen..................................................................................................................................................20
Potentiële stoorzenders................................................................................................................................20
4 Types goederen......................................................................................................................................... 21
4.1 3 economische sectoren...............................................................................................................................21
4.2 Soorten goederen.........................................................................................................................................22
Private goederen...........................................................................................................................................22
Publieke goederen.........................................................................................................................................22
Gemeenschappelijke goederen.....................................................................................................................22
Club goods.....................................................................................................................................................22
4.3 Schaalvoordelen...........................................................................................................................................23
4.4 Prijselasticiteit..............................................................................................................................................23
Uitleg..............................................................................................................................................................23
Bepalende factoren.......................................................................................................................................24
4.5 Factoren die een verschuiving in de vraagcurve veroorzaken......................................................................24
4.6 De macht van leveranciers en aankopers.....................................................................................................26
5 Taak van de aankoper............................................................................................................................... 27
5.1 Het aankoopproces.......................................................................................................................................27
Waardeketenanalyse.....................................................................................................................................27
5.2 Strategische aankoop...................................................................................................................................29
5.3 Tactische aankoop........................................................................................................................................29
Wat?...............................................................................................................................................................29
Waarom?.......................................................................................................................................................30
Taken:............................................................................................................................................................30
De markt onderzoeken..................................................................................................................................30
Eigenschappen van een goede leverancier...................................................................................................30
Organisatie per eindproduct.........................................................................................................................31
Organisatie per categorie..............................................................................................................................31
Organisatie op basis van waarde-indeling.....................................................................................................31
Aankoopcategorie..........................................................................................................................................31
Categoriemanagers........................................................................................................................................31
5.4 Operationele aankoop..................................................................................................................................31
Wat?...............................................................................................................................................................31
Backorder.......................................................................................................................................................32
Distributeur....................................................................................................................................................32
6 Aankoop stap voor stap............................................................................................................................. 33
6.1 Voorbereiding...............................................................................................................................................33
Aankoopplanning...........................................................................................................................................33
6.2 Stakeholders.................................................................................................................................................34
Intern.............................................................................................................................................................34
Extern.............................................................................................................................................................35
6.3 Specificeren...................................................................................................................................................35
6.4 Selecteren.....................................................................................................................................................37
, Termen...........................................................................................................................................................37
Europese aanbestedingen.............................................................................................................................37
6.5 Contracteren.................................................................................................................................................38
6.6 Bestellingen, leveringen en opvolging..........................................................................................................42
Bestellen........................................................................................................................................................42
Leveringen.....................................................................................................................................................43
Bewaken........................................................................................................................................................44
6.7 Opvolging van de prestaties.........................................................................................................................44
7 Strategisch aankopen................................................................................................................................ 45
7.1 Strategisch aankopen...................................................................................................................................45
Definitie.........................................................................................................................................................45
Outsourcing...................................................................................................................................................45
Offshoring......................................................................................................................................................46
Onshoring......................................................................................................................................................46
7.2 Categoriemanagement.................................................................................................................................46
8 Toolkit...................................................................................................................................................... 48
8.1 Peter Kraljic Portfolio Matrix........................................................................................................................48
8.2 Day one analysetool.....................................................................................................................................49
8.3 Pest analyse..................................................................................................................................................51
9 MRP.......................................................................................................................................................... 53
9.1 MRP-I: material requirements planning.......................................................................................................53
Definitie.........................................................................................................................................................53
Uitvoering......................................................................................................................................................54
9.2 MRP-II: manufacturing resources planning..................................................................................................54
Definitie.........................................................................................................................................................54
Principe..........................................................................................................................................................55
10. Contract management............................................................................................................................ 56
10.1 Contract management...............................................................................................................................56
Definitie.........................................................................................................................................................56
Fasen van het contractbeheer.......................................................................................................................56
10.2 Wettelijke bepalingen.................................................................................................................................58
Definitie.........................................................................................................................................................58
Recht..............................................................................................................................................................58
10.3 Voorwaarden..............................................................................................................................................58
11 SLA management.................................................................................................................................... 59
11.1 Definitie......................................................................................................................................................59
11.2 Doel.............................................................................................................................................................59
11.3 Inhoud.........................................................................................................................................................59
12 Methodieken voor prijszetting................................................................................................................. 60
12.1 Definitie......................................................................................................................................................60
12.2 Staffelprijzen...............................................................................................................................................60
12.2 Volumeprijzen.............................................................................................................................................60
, 12.4 Kwantumkorting.........................................................................................................................................60
12.5 Dynamische prijsopbouw............................................................................................................................60
12.6 Kortingen....................................................................................................................................................61
13 Supplier relationship management.......................................................................................................... 62
13.1 Definitie......................................................................................................................................................62
13.2 Relaties.......................................................................................................................................................62
13.3 Segmentatie van leveranciers.....................................................................................................................63
14 Outsourcing............................................................................................................................................ 66
14.1 In China.......................................................................................................................................................66
16 ISO 9001 + Internationale handel............................................................................................................. 68
16.1 ISO 9001......................................................................................................................................................68
16.1.1 Definitie..............................................................................................................................................68
16.1.2 Kwaliteitshandboek............................................................................................................................68
16.2 Internationale handel.................................................................................................................................70
16.2.1 De wereld is gekrompen.....................................................................................................................70
16.2.2 Maritiem transport.............................................................................................................................70
16.2.3 Spoor...................................................................................................................................................71
16.2.4 Vrachtwagen.......................................................................................................................................71
16.2.5 Luchtvaart...........................................................................................................................................71
16.2.6 Kenmerken vervoersvormen..............................................................................................................72
