NURS 1003 COMPLETE EXAM 2025

NURS 1003 COMPLETE EXAM 2025 Communication - -process of interaction between people in which symbols are used to create, exchange, and interpret messages about ideas, emotions, and mind states Professional communication - -a complex interactive process used in clinical settings to help patients achieve health-related goals Therapeutic communication - -dynamic interactive process entered by hcps with patients and significant others for the purpose of achieving identified health-related goals Interpersonal communication - -how we speak to others Intrapersonal communication - -how we speak to ourselves Interpersonal competence - -understanding the factors what influence communication; ability to communicate effectively under different circumstances and adjusting communication based on context Competent communication - -ability to choose most appropriate behaviour 1. Impacts care delivery 2. Goal orientated 3. Promotes patient satisfaction 4. Increases patient understanding 5. Promotes patient feedback - -why communication is important Communication channels - -the means of conveying messages; acts as a bridge of connecting speaker to receiver Feedback - -the message returned by receiver indicating whether the message was understood Verbal communication - -spoken or written communication; can include slang, denotation, connotation, paralanguage, or medical jargon Non-verbal communication - -communication through personal experience, body language, posture/gait, facial expressions, eye contact, gesture, sounds, proxemics, or metacommunication Linear model of communication - -theory that views communication as a one-way process which includes the sender, messenger, and the receiver NURS 1003 NURS 1003 Transactional model of communication - -theory that views communication as reciprocal, complex, and interactive which includes encoder, sender, receiver, decoder that works simultaneously Denotation - -literal meaning of a word Connotation - -idea/feeling that a word invokes Paralanguage - -tone of voice, rate of speech, emphasis, etc. Therapeutic nurse-client relationship - -relationship that is based on knowledge, trust, respect, self-awareness, professional intimacy, empathy, and awareness of power Relational practice - -about being with clients authentically and fully as they experience their health in wellness/illness What are the therapeutic techniques? - - 1. Listening actively 2. Questioning appropriately 3. Showing empathy 4. Mutuality 5. Reciprocity 6. Self-observation/self-reflection 7. Sensitivity to emotional contexts Person-centred care - -- characterized as a clinical partnership that work with Patients and their families - the patient is full partner - coordination and integration of care through Collaboration and teamwork Professional boundaries - -represent Invisible structures imposed by legal, ethical, and professional standards of nursing that respect nurse and client rights and protect the functional integrity of the alliance between nurse and client Transference - -client projects irrational feelings/attitudes from past nurse onto present nurse Counter-transference - -nurse displays feelings/attitudes toward client which are based on the past experiences Self-disclosure - -intentionally revealing personal experiences/feelings that are similar to/different from client's Involvement - -refers to degree of nurses' active participation in client's care NURS 1003 NURS 1003 Over-involvement - -emotionally over-involved in care of client How to avoid crossing boundaries - - 1. Understand the limits of therapeutic relationship 2. If client gives you something, explain that you can't accept it 3. Establish, maintain, and communicate professional boundaries with client 4. Avoid dual relationship with client 5. Adhere to plan of care 6. Communication expectations for and limits of confidentiality 7. Be sensitive to context in which care is provided 8. Implement reflective practice and terminate therapeutic relationships when goals reached 9. Once patient goes home, no more contact What are the warning signs of over-involvement? - - 1. Giving extra time/attention 2. Visiting clients off hours 3. Doing things they can do themselves 4. Discounting the actions of other professionals 5. Keeping secrets with client 6. Believing you are the only one who can help What are the warning signs of disengagement? - - 1. Withdrawal 2. Limited contact 3. Minimizing client's suffering 4. Defensive/judgemental comments Why do nurses disclose? - - 1. To show clients how much you understand 2. Can deepen bond 3. "real person" 4. To help clients open up 5. When you wish to increase understanding and trust 6. To promote comfort, honesty, and openness How to disclose - - 1. Keep it brief 2. Quality not quantity 3. Do not imply that your experiences are the same 4. Never burden the client with your problems 5. Focus needs to remain on the client's situation 6. Use good judgement Pre-interaction phase - -1. Plan for initial meeting with client NURS 1003 NURS 1003 2. Assess own strengths/limitations 3. Prepare physical environment Orientation phase - -1. Introduction 2. Clarify purpose of relationship 3. Discuss termination of relationship 4. Establish trust 5. Participant observation Working phase - -1. Exploration of problems/needs identified in orientation phase 2. Work on achievement of established health care goals 3. Tune into client response patterns 4. Shared decision making 5. Defuse challenging behaviours 6. Manage feelings expressed 7. Develop new coping skills 8. Assist client seek out and use health care services Termination phase - -1. Termination of relationship 2. Review of health goals (met/unmet) 3. Assist clients to express feelings about termination 4. Evaluate effectiveness of relationship Professional caring - -caring for and about the client, providing knowledge, competency, and being sensitive to client's psycho-social needs - -1. Lack of compassion/concern/interest 2. Detachment, rushed, not focusing on client, meeting own needs 3. Lack of knowledge and competency in performing clinical needs Trust - -foundation to all nurse-client therapeutic relationship Veracity - -being true in our nursing care Respect - -- building block for a successful relationship - unconditional positive regard - accepting the uniqueness of each client - be courteous and attentive - address client appropriately - adopt mutual problem solving - termination of relationship Lack of respect - -1. Feeling de-valued 2. Avoidance behaviours 3. Unfriendly 4. Adverse client outcomes NURS 1003 NURS 1003 Empathy - -communicate understanding of client's feelings Sympathy - -to "feel" the feelings of others; associated with feelings of pity Empowerment - -assisting people to take charge or their lives; uses communication skills to build bridges and form partnerships with clients and families Autonomy - -the client's right to self-determination Barrier to empowerment - -not allowing clients to participate in care and not providing clients with education they need to make informed decisions Mutuality - -mutual partnership - both parties are committed to achievement of client health goals Genuineness - -presenting true thoughts and feelings verbally and non-verbally; taking full responsibility, admitting mistakes, and realizing that one person does not have all the answers Confidentiality - -respect for another's privacy that involves holding and not divulging information given in confidence Violations of confidentiality - -1. Directly disclosing information to someone outside of circle of care 2. Conversations overheard by others not involved in direct care of patient 3. Leaving around written information where others can see When confidentiality is waived - -1. Situations where abuse is suspected 2. Gain knowledge of commission of a crime 3. Threat of harm to self/overs Advocacy - -interceding or acting on behalf of client to provide the highest quality care obtainable Barriers to communication - - 1. Anxiety 2. Stereotyping/bias 3. Over-involvement/detachment 4. Violation of personal space 5. Time limitations 6. Cultural barriers 7. Transference/countertransference NURS 1003 NURS 1003 Culture - -a pattern of shared attitudes, beliefs, self-definitions, norms, roles, and values that can occur among those who speak a particular language or live in a defined geographical region Acculturation - -how immigrants learn and choose to adapt to the behavior and norms of new culture that is different than their own Assimilation - -gradual process of adopting behaviours, customs, and values of a mainstream culture Cultural patterns - -socially transmitted customs, beliefs, values, etc. Cultural diversity - -social variations between cultural groups Ethnicity - -shared values, languages, history, physical characteristics, and geographical space Ethnocentrism - -the tendency to evaluate values, beliefs, and behaviours of your own culture as superior to that of others Cultural stereotyping - -considering a person's culture solely based on ethnicity, race, or nationality Intercultural communication - -communication between people from different cultures Reflection - -used to examine our interpretations of events, our roles, and the roles of others Reflexivity - -a process in which we consider how that process of interpretation was achieved Cultural awareness - -An in-depth self-examination of one's own background, recognizing biases, prejudices, and assumptions about other people Cultural safety - -an approach that considers historical and social contexts as well as structural and interpersonal power imbalances, social relationships, and social justice, all of which shape health and health care services Cultural competence - -process by which individuals and systems respond respectfully and effectively to people of all cultures, languages, classes, races, ethnic backgrounds, religions, spiritual traditions, immigration status, and other diversity Cultural sensitivity - -awareness of a person's culture and being tolerant and sensitive to the person's differences from those of people in the dominant culture NURS 1003 NURS 1003 Cultural humility - -an ongoing lifelong commitment to having the humility to learn from the person and the critical-self-reflection to identify and address biases, prejudices, attitudes, and behaviours in addressing power imbalances within the relationship Cultural reflexivity - -ability to understand and question your own contexts, attitudes, values, beliefs, assumptions, and experiences of advantage/disadvantage that have shaped the way you understand the world in relation to others What are the communication strategies? - -1. Speak slowly and clearly 2. Use simpler words 3. Avoid slang and medical jargon 4. Avoid complex sentences 5. Provide written information in client's native language or picture books 6. Validation 7. Use translators/interpreters if necessary Therapeutic communication - -dynamic interactive process entered into by clinicians and clients/significant others for purpose of achieving identified health-related goals; occurs through words, facial expressions, body language, email, writing, behaviours Open-ended questions - -questions that are open to interpretation and cannot be answered by yes or no or a single word response Focused questions - -require more than a yes or no answer, but place limitations on the topic to be addressed Circular questions - -a form of focused questions that look at how other people within the client's support circle respond to a client's health issues Close-ended questions - -narrowly focused questions for which a single answer or phrase serves as a valid response Self-concept - -the totality of our beliefs and feelings about ourselves Why is self-concept important in nursing? - -1. Our self-concept as nurses will influence our behaviours and how we interact with clients 2. Client's self-concept can be a facilitator/barrier to their efforts in engaging in healthy lifestyle behaviours and/or participating in self-management of any chronic disease they may have 3. A strong sense of self can be protective in coping with health alterations 4. Major health alterations - impacts through processes, emotions, sense of self, and communication Microaggression - -communicating subtle and often unintentional discrimination pertaining to self-concepts of cultural contexts, race, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation NURS 1003 NURS 1003 Microassult - -a blatant verbal, nonverbal, or environmental attack intentionally discriminatory or biased Microinsult - -unintentional behaviour or verbal comment conveying rudeness or insensitivity Microinvalidation - -an action that excludes, negates, or dismisses the perceptions of the target person Body image - -how people perceive their physical appearance/characteristics Personal identity - -a person's perception of their abilities, characteristics, and potential for growth Cognition - -represents the thinking processes people use in making sense of the world Self-talk - -our own internal dialogue Positive self-talk - -equates to realistic thinking, accurate assessment of abilities/situation, emphasize our strengths, stronger coping abilities, feelings of hope and confidence Negative self-talk - -irrational and destructive, harsh, judgemental, chastising Self-esteem - -emotional value a person places on his/her self-concept - can be low or high Self-efficacy - -belief in one's capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to manage prospective situations Spirituality - -self-chosen beliefs and values that give meaning to a person's life Lack of connection to self - -1. Decreased serenity 2. Anger with situation 3. Lack of acceptance 4. Ineffective coping 5. Statements which reflect a lack of meaning in life Lack of connection to others - -1. Alienation from others 2. Refusal to interact with significant other/support system Lack of connection to creativity - -1. Decreased connection to previous sources of creativity such as art, music, literature, and/or nature NURS 1003 NURS 1003 Lack of connection to higher power - -1. Decreased connection to previous belief in higher power 2. Expression of anger 3. Lack of transcendence 4. Inability to participate in religious activities 5. Changes in spiritual practices The medical wheel - -a ceremonial, sacred, holistic symbol and healing tool based on the number 4 Four elements of the medical wheel - -1. Water 2. Air 3. Fire 4. Earth The 4 Rs - -1. Respect 2. Reciprocity 3. Responsibility 4. Relevance Respect - -conveyed through an understanding and demonstration of regard and value of cultural knowledge, traditions, values, and activities relevant to each indigenous community Reciprocity - -there is mutual benefit from an interpersonal interaction, where both individuals are learning from each other, giving and receiving information Responsibility - -active participation in the conversations around reconciliation and indigenous events and activities, which, when appropriate, can represent a step toward reconciliation Relevance - -refers to behaviours and actions that occur when respect is embedded within our learning of local indigenous protocols, acknowledgement of local land and territories, application of cultural safety and humility in nursing practice, and advocating for dismantling of structural racism embedded within organizational structures and policies Sharing circles - -used by community health nurses working in indigenous communities for the purposes of activities such as health promotion and prevention, support, and interdisciplinary teaching and debriefing exercis