Menopause Society Exam Key Quiz Questions and
Answers|| LATEST UPDATE 2025/26
What is the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of osteoporosis based on bone
mineral density (BMD) T-score? -CORRECTANSWER A T-score ≤ -2.5 at the lumbar
spine, femoral neck, or total hip defines osteoporosis per WHO criteria.
At what age does the North American Menopause Society recommend routine DXA
screening for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women? -CORRECTANSWER Age 65
years or older is the threshold for routine DXA screening in postmenopausal women, or
younger if risk factors are present.
How is osteopenia defined by T-score on DXA? -CORRECTANSWER A T-score
between -1.0 and -2.5 defines osteopenia.
What is the primary effect of menopause on bone health? -CORRECTANSWER
Estrogen deficiency after menopause accelerates bone resorption, leading to rapid
bone loss.
List three major risk factors for low bone mass and fracture in postmenopausal women.
-CORRECTANSWER Advanced age, prior fragility fracture, and glucocorticoid use are
major risk factors.
,Which tool is commonly used to estimate 10-year fracture risk in clinical practice? -
CORRECTANSWER FRAX (Fracture Risk Assessment Tool) is commonly used to
estimate 10-year fracture risk.
What is the threshold 10-year risk of hip fracture or major osteoporotic fracture that
indicates pharmacologic therapy according to FRAX? -CORRECTANSWER A 10-year
hip fracture risk ≥3% or major osteoporotic fracture risk ≥20% indicates pharmacologic
therapy per FRAX.
Name two first-line pharmacologic therapies for osteoporosis in postmenopausal
women. -CORRECTANSWER Bisphosphonates (e.g., alendronate, risedronate,
zoledronic acid) and denosumab are first-line therapies.
What is the role of hormone therapy in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis?
-CORRECTANSWER Hormone therapy is effective for prevention of bone loss in early
postmenopausal women at risk, but not first-line for osteoporosis treatment.
Which pharmacologic agent is preferred for women at very high risk of fracture? -
CORRECTANSWER Anabolic agents (e.g., teriparatide, abaloparatide, romosozumab)
are preferred for women at very high fracture risk.
What are the main contraindications to menopausal hormone therapy? -
CORRECTANSWER Active or recent breast cancer, unexplained vaginal bleeding,
, active thromboembolic disease, and liver dysfunction are main contraindications to
hormone therapy.
Why is progestogen added to estrogen therapy in women with an intact uterus? -
CORRECTANSWER Progestogen is needed with estrogen therapy in women with a
uterus to prevent endometrial hyperplasia/cancer.
Compare the risks of oral versus transdermal estrogen therapy. -CORRECTANSWER
Transdermal estrogen has a lower risk of venous thromboembolism and stroke
compared to oral estrogen.
What is the recommended duration of systemic hormone therapy for vasomotor
symptoms? -CORRECTANSWER The shortest duration necessary to control
symptoms, typically reassessed annually; often 3-5 years for systemic therapy.
Describe the difference between continuous and sequential hormone therapy regimens.
-CORRECTANSWER Continuous regimens provide daily estrogen and progestogen;
sequential regimens provide estrogen daily and progestogen for 10-14 days/month.
List two common side effects of systemic hormone therapy. -CORRECTANSWER
Breast tenderness and vaginal bleeding are common side effects of systemic hormone
therapy.
Answers|| LATEST UPDATE 2025/26
What is the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of osteoporosis based on bone
mineral density (BMD) T-score? -CORRECTANSWER A T-score ≤ -2.5 at the lumbar
spine, femoral neck, or total hip defines osteoporosis per WHO criteria.
At what age does the North American Menopause Society recommend routine DXA
screening for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women? -CORRECTANSWER Age 65
years or older is the threshold for routine DXA screening in postmenopausal women, or
younger if risk factors are present.
How is osteopenia defined by T-score on DXA? -CORRECTANSWER A T-score
between -1.0 and -2.5 defines osteopenia.
What is the primary effect of menopause on bone health? -CORRECTANSWER
Estrogen deficiency after menopause accelerates bone resorption, leading to rapid
bone loss.
List three major risk factors for low bone mass and fracture in postmenopausal women.
-CORRECTANSWER Advanced age, prior fragility fracture, and glucocorticoid use are
major risk factors.
,Which tool is commonly used to estimate 10-year fracture risk in clinical practice? -
CORRECTANSWER FRAX (Fracture Risk Assessment Tool) is commonly used to
estimate 10-year fracture risk.
What is the threshold 10-year risk of hip fracture or major osteoporotic fracture that
indicates pharmacologic therapy according to FRAX? -CORRECTANSWER A 10-year
hip fracture risk ≥3% or major osteoporotic fracture risk ≥20% indicates pharmacologic
therapy per FRAX.
Name two first-line pharmacologic therapies for osteoporosis in postmenopausal
women. -CORRECTANSWER Bisphosphonates (e.g., alendronate, risedronate,
zoledronic acid) and denosumab are first-line therapies.
What is the role of hormone therapy in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis?
-CORRECTANSWER Hormone therapy is effective for prevention of bone loss in early
postmenopausal women at risk, but not first-line for osteoporosis treatment.
Which pharmacologic agent is preferred for women at very high risk of fracture? -
CORRECTANSWER Anabolic agents (e.g., teriparatide, abaloparatide, romosozumab)
are preferred for women at very high fracture risk.
What are the main contraindications to menopausal hormone therapy? -
CORRECTANSWER Active or recent breast cancer, unexplained vaginal bleeding,
, active thromboembolic disease, and liver dysfunction are main contraindications to
hormone therapy.
Why is progestogen added to estrogen therapy in women with an intact uterus? -
CORRECTANSWER Progestogen is needed with estrogen therapy in women with a
uterus to prevent endometrial hyperplasia/cancer.
Compare the risks of oral versus transdermal estrogen therapy. -CORRECTANSWER
Transdermal estrogen has a lower risk of venous thromboembolism and stroke
compared to oral estrogen.
What is the recommended duration of systemic hormone therapy for vasomotor
symptoms? -CORRECTANSWER The shortest duration necessary to control
symptoms, typically reassessed annually; often 3-5 years for systemic therapy.
Describe the difference between continuous and sequential hormone therapy regimens.
-CORRECTANSWER Continuous regimens provide daily estrogen and progestogen;
sequential regimens provide estrogen daily and progestogen for 10-14 days/month.
List two common side effects of systemic hormone therapy. -CORRECTANSWER
Breast tenderness and vaginal bleeding are common side effects of systemic hormone
therapy.
