9/16/25, 1:19 PM WGU D027 pathopharm EXAM (updated 2025) Questions & Answers | Latest Already Graded A+ UPDATE 2025|2026 Flashcards | …
WGU D027 pathopharm EXAM (updated 2025)
Questions & Answers | Latest Already Graded A+
UPDATE 2025|2026
Save
Terms in this set (141)
Mechanism of Action for block water reasborption in the loop of Henle of
loop diuretics nephron. Increases urine output
-emide
Suffix for loop
ex: furosemide
decreased potassium, decreased BP, ototoxicity,
cautions in using loop nephrotoxicity
diuretics USE WITH CAUTION in those who have
auditory/renal impairments
Suffix for Thiazide -thiazide
Diuretics
blood water reabsorption in distal tube of nephron--
MOA for thiazide diuretics
increases urine output
decreases potassium, increases uric acid, increases
adverse drug reactions for calcium
thiazide diuretics AVOID use in hx with gout, use cautiously with kidney
disease
those with sulfa allergies, contains sulfa group in
Contraindicator for
molecular structure. Also avoid in hx of gout due to
thiazide diuretics
increase of uric acid
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,9/16/25, 1:19 PM WGU D027 pathopharm EXAM (updated 2025) Questions & Answers | Latest Already Graded A+ UPDATE 2025|2026 Flashcards | …
inhibits aldosterone which results in sodium loss in the
Aldosterone antagonists
nephron, water follows and is excreted, potassium is
MOA
retained (potassium sparing diuretic)
example of an Spironolactone
aldosterone antagonist
adverse drug reactions for high potassium, androgen blocking (blocks
aldosterone antagonists testosterone and causes estrogen effects)
Propranolol (Inderal)
Metroprolol (Lopressor/Toprol XL)
beta blocker examples
Atenolol (Tenormin)
Carvedilol (Coreg)
block adrenergic effects of Beta 1 and Beta 2
MOA of beta blockers receptors (cause cholinergic effects)
result in low HR and Low BP
chronic respiratory conditions (particularly for beta 2
Contraindicators for beta blockers)
blockers HR <60 bpm
disguises hypoglycemia symptoms
angiotensin II causes vasonconstriction and secretion
What does angiotensin 2
of aldosterone, which results in reabsorption of
do?
sodium/water in the nephrons
suffix: -pril example: lisinopril
angiotensin 2 converting MOA: inhibits ACE from converting angiotensin 1 to
enzyme inhibitor (ACE angiotensin 2, therefor prevents water reabsorption
inhibitor) suffix and MOA decreases cardiac workload
decreases BP
Adverse drug reactions high potassium, angioedema, dry cough
for ACE inhibitors
suffix: sartan example: losartan
Angiotensin Receptor MOA: prevent Angiotensin2 from binding to receptor
Blocker (ARBs) suffix and sites, which then prevents reabsorption of water and
MOA vasoconstriction
leads to lower BP
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,9/16/25, 1:19 PM WGU D027 pathopharm EXAM (updated 2025) Questions & Answers | Latest Already Graded A+ UPDATE 2025|2026 Flashcards | …
Adverse drug reactions of high potassium, angioedema
ARBS
prefix of cardiac "dig" ex: digoxin
glycosides
block Na/K pump, indirectly changes the calcium
MOA of cardiac
balance, leads to powerful contraction w/ HB
glycosides
does not lower blood pressure, only HR
measure HR, hold if <60bpm
FYIs for cardiac
sx of digoxin toxicity: anorexia, visual disturbance,
glycosides
chest palpitations
Which of the following A and B- Torsemide and HCTZ lower serum potassium
drugs may cause due to increased potassium excretion in the kidneys
hypokalemia? D) When entering the circulation, digoxin binds to
A) torsemide sodium/potassium pumps which can also decrease
B) hydrochlorothiazide OR increase potassium
C) spironolactone
D) Digoxin
ACE inhibitors result in a)
which of the following c)
outcomes? select all that e)
apply:
a) vasodilation
b) vasoconstriction
c) ADH is inhibited
d) ADH is released
e) increased urination
f) decreased urination
Which medication may beta blockers
hide symptoms of
hypoglycemia in a patient
with T1DM?
Example of Antiplatelet clopidogrel (plavix)
drug
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, 9/16/25, 1:19 PM WGU D027 pathopharm EXAM (updated 2025) Questions & Answers | Latest Already Graded A+ UPDATE 2025|2026 Flashcards | …
inhibits fxn of ADP by blocking receptor site on
MOA of anti-platelet drug
platelet
adverse drug reactions to bruising, bleeding, rash, flulike sx
clopidogrel/Plavix
CAUTION with avoid ASA/Plavix/ NSAIDS
clopidogrel - stop taking at least 5 days prior to surgery
example of indirect heparin, enoxoparin, dalteparin
thrombin inhibitor - parins
inhibits factor 10 (X) and therefor inhibits thrombin
MOA of heparin formation
- fast acting, short 1/2 life
Antedote for heparin protamine sulfate
aPTT (activated partial thrombine time)
Lab value evaluated for
- looking for 1.5-2.5 x the normal value- so if normal is
heparin
25-35 seconds, look for 60-90 seconds
what factors do vitamin k 9a, 7a, 10a, and prothrombin
antagonists effect? - decreases fibrin clot formation
what is an example of a Warfarin (Coumadin)
vitamin K antagonist
anything that contains vitamin K : the "G" herbal
What interactions does
products (Ginko, Green tea, Ginseng, Ginger)
Warfarin Have?
dark leafy greens
Antidote for excessive vitamin K injection
bleeding caused by - effects may be delayed 2-7 days due to the delayed
warfarin onset
Labs evaluated with INR 2-4 range
warfarin PT in combination- 9-12 seconds
examples of direct factor - xaban
X inhibitors Rivaroxaban (Xarelto) and Apixaban (Eliquis)
antedote for direct factor none FDa approved, but andexanet alfa
10 inhibitors
https://quizlet.com/1077254546/wgu-d027-pathopharm-exam-updated-2025-questions-answers-latest-already-graded-a-update-20252026-flash-card… 4/32
WGU D027 pathopharm EXAM (updated 2025)
Questions & Answers | Latest Already Graded A+
UPDATE 2025|2026
Save
Terms in this set (141)
Mechanism of Action for block water reasborption in the loop of Henle of
loop diuretics nephron. Increases urine output
-emide
Suffix for loop
ex: furosemide
decreased potassium, decreased BP, ototoxicity,
cautions in using loop nephrotoxicity
diuretics USE WITH CAUTION in those who have
auditory/renal impairments
Suffix for Thiazide -thiazide
Diuretics
blood water reabsorption in distal tube of nephron--
MOA for thiazide diuretics
increases urine output
decreases potassium, increases uric acid, increases
adverse drug reactions for calcium
thiazide diuretics AVOID use in hx with gout, use cautiously with kidney
disease
those with sulfa allergies, contains sulfa group in
Contraindicator for
molecular structure. Also avoid in hx of gout due to
thiazide diuretics
increase of uric acid
https://quizlet.com/1077254546/wgu-d027-pathopharm-exam-updated-2025-questions-answers-latest-already-graded-a-update-20252026-flash-card… 1/32
,9/16/25, 1:19 PM WGU D027 pathopharm EXAM (updated 2025) Questions & Answers | Latest Already Graded A+ UPDATE 2025|2026 Flashcards | …
inhibits aldosterone which results in sodium loss in the
Aldosterone antagonists
nephron, water follows and is excreted, potassium is
MOA
retained (potassium sparing diuretic)
example of an Spironolactone
aldosterone antagonist
adverse drug reactions for high potassium, androgen blocking (blocks
aldosterone antagonists testosterone and causes estrogen effects)
Propranolol (Inderal)
Metroprolol (Lopressor/Toprol XL)
beta blocker examples
Atenolol (Tenormin)
Carvedilol (Coreg)
block adrenergic effects of Beta 1 and Beta 2
MOA of beta blockers receptors (cause cholinergic effects)
result in low HR and Low BP
chronic respiratory conditions (particularly for beta 2
Contraindicators for beta blockers)
blockers HR <60 bpm
disguises hypoglycemia symptoms
angiotensin II causes vasonconstriction and secretion
What does angiotensin 2
of aldosterone, which results in reabsorption of
do?
sodium/water in the nephrons
suffix: -pril example: lisinopril
angiotensin 2 converting MOA: inhibits ACE from converting angiotensin 1 to
enzyme inhibitor (ACE angiotensin 2, therefor prevents water reabsorption
inhibitor) suffix and MOA decreases cardiac workload
decreases BP
Adverse drug reactions high potassium, angioedema, dry cough
for ACE inhibitors
suffix: sartan example: losartan
Angiotensin Receptor MOA: prevent Angiotensin2 from binding to receptor
Blocker (ARBs) suffix and sites, which then prevents reabsorption of water and
MOA vasoconstriction
leads to lower BP
https://quizlet.com/1077254546/wgu-d027-pathopharm-exam-updated-2025-questions-answers-latest-already-graded-a-update-20252026-flash-card… 2/32
,9/16/25, 1:19 PM WGU D027 pathopharm EXAM (updated 2025) Questions & Answers | Latest Already Graded A+ UPDATE 2025|2026 Flashcards | …
Adverse drug reactions of high potassium, angioedema
ARBS
prefix of cardiac "dig" ex: digoxin
glycosides
block Na/K pump, indirectly changes the calcium
MOA of cardiac
balance, leads to powerful contraction w/ HB
glycosides
does not lower blood pressure, only HR
measure HR, hold if <60bpm
FYIs for cardiac
sx of digoxin toxicity: anorexia, visual disturbance,
glycosides
chest palpitations
Which of the following A and B- Torsemide and HCTZ lower serum potassium
drugs may cause due to increased potassium excretion in the kidneys
hypokalemia? D) When entering the circulation, digoxin binds to
A) torsemide sodium/potassium pumps which can also decrease
B) hydrochlorothiazide OR increase potassium
C) spironolactone
D) Digoxin
ACE inhibitors result in a)
which of the following c)
outcomes? select all that e)
apply:
a) vasodilation
b) vasoconstriction
c) ADH is inhibited
d) ADH is released
e) increased urination
f) decreased urination
Which medication may beta blockers
hide symptoms of
hypoglycemia in a patient
with T1DM?
Example of Antiplatelet clopidogrel (plavix)
drug
https://quizlet.com/1077254546/wgu-d027-pathopharm-exam-updated-2025-questions-answers-latest-already-graded-a-update-20252026-flash-card… 3/32
, 9/16/25, 1:19 PM WGU D027 pathopharm EXAM (updated 2025) Questions & Answers | Latest Already Graded A+ UPDATE 2025|2026 Flashcards | …
inhibits fxn of ADP by blocking receptor site on
MOA of anti-platelet drug
platelet
adverse drug reactions to bruising, bleeding, rash, flulike sx
clopidogrel/Plavix
CAUTION with avoid ASA/Plavix/ NSAIDS
clopidogrel - stop taking at least 5 days prior to surgery
example of indirect heparin, enoxoparin, dalteparin
thrombin inhibitor - parins
inhibits factor 10 (X) and therefor inhibits thrombin
MOA of heparin formation
- fast acting, short 1/2 life
Antedote for heparin protamine sulfate
aPTT (activated partial thrombine time)
Lab value evaluated for
- looking for 1.5-2.5 x the normal value- so if normal is
heparin
25-35 seconds, look for 60-90 seconds
what factors do vitamin k 9a, 7a, 10a, and prothrombin
antagonists effect? - decreases fibrin clot formation
what is an example of a Warfarin (Coumadin)
vitamin K antagonist
anything that contains vitamin K : the "G" herbal
What interactions does
products (Ginko, Green tea, Ginseng, Ginger)
Warfarin Have?
dark leafy greens
Antidote for excessive vitamin K injection
bleeding caused by - effects may be delayed 2-7 days due to the delayed
warfarin onset
Labs evaluated with INR 2-4 range
warfarin PT in combination- 9-12 seconds
examples of direct factor - xaban
X inhibitors Rivaroxaban (Xarelto) and Apixaban (Eliquis)
antedote for direct factor none FDa approved, but andexanet alfa
10 inhibitors
https://quizlet.com/1077254546/wgu-d027-pathopharm-exam-updated-2025-questions-answers-latest-already-graded-a-update-20252026-flash-card… 4/32
