1|Page
BIO 322 PATHO FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2025/2026 ACTUAL EXAM
WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(100% VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+| ||PROFESSOR
VERIFIED||
A. Is proportional to the selection coefficient
B. Proportional to the square root of the ratio of migration
variance divided by the selection coefficient
C. Inversely proportional to the migration variance
D. Is 2.5 times the migration variance and selection coefficient
E. Is 2.5 times the selection coefficient - ANSWER-B
Neutral theory predicts that the substitutions rate equal mutation
rate regardless of population size, despite the fact that drift
operates more in small populations sizes. Which of the following
explanations resolves this apparent paradox?
A. Mutations accumulate in large populations where more
individuals means more mutations, but drift is proportionally small
in large populations so fixations is slow. In small populations, few
mutations accumulate, but drift can rapidly fix alleles in small
populations
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B. Mutations spread rapidly in small populations and accumulate
faster, but fixation is slow because drift is simply a matter of
chance
C. none of these
D. Mutations accumulate at the same rate in populations of all
sizes is the same, but drift is unpredictable in how fast alleles
become fixed. The average time to fixation of many drifting alleles
in an average time to fixation that is the same across all populatio
- ANSWER-
Consider a hypothetical data set that shows a well-validated
molecular clock for 3 different genetic loci. Times of genetic
divergence are estimated at each locus for seven sets of sister
species (closest relatives). One of each pair lives in the Pacific
Ocean, the other in the Caribbean Sea. Times of genetic
divergence correspond to the rising of the isthmus of Panama
about 3.1 MYA. Based on these data, would you infer:
A. Speciation is consistent with a hypothesis of vicariance
B. Speciation is consistent with range expansion
C. Speciation is consistent with receding of Noah's flood
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D. Speciation is consistent with dispersal
E. Speciation was the result of intense competition among the 7
ancestral taxa
*FIND A* - ANSWER-
The approximate time it takes for a neutral allele to either become
fixed or lost from a populations, thereby reducing genetic diversity
in the population is
A. The number of years equivalent to the populations size
B. none of these
C. The coalescence time divided by 2
D. The number of generations equivalent to twice the effective
populations size
E. The number of generations equivalent to the population size -
ANSWER-D
Which observation would be the best evidence for a recent
founder event or population bottleneck?
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A. Low genetic diversity in a single population of a widely
distributed species
B. Evidence that population size on an island is maintained by a
steady influx of migrants from the mainland
C. Roughly equal genetic variation in all subregions of a species
range
D. Evidence that a specific genotype has a strong selective
advantage in an environment
E. Census evidence for a steadily growing populations -
ANSWER-A
If reinforcement is an important means of completing speciation
one expects to observe among a group of species that are
compared with one another the following:
A. Stronger postzygotic isolating mechanisms among parapatric
relative to sympatric taxa that are that are of equivalent in age
since time of divergence
BIO 322 PATHO FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2025/2026 ACTUAL EXAM
WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(100% VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+| ||PROFESSOR
VERIFIED||
A. Is proportional to the selection coefficient
B. Proportional to the square root of the ratio of migration
variance divided by the selection coefficient
C. Inversely proportional to the migration variance
D. Is 2.5 times the migration variance and selection coefficient
E. Is 2.5 times the selection coefficient - ANSWER-B
Neutral theory predicts that the substitutions rate equal mutation
rate regardless of population size, despite the fact that drift
operates more in small populations sizes. Which of the following
explanations resolves this apparent paradox?
A. Mutations accumulate in large populations where more
individuals means more mutations, but drift is proportionally small
in large populations so fixations is slow. In small populations, few
mutations accumulate, but drift can rapidly fix alleles in small
populations
,2|Page
B. Mutations spread rapidly in small populations and accumulate
faster, but fixation is slow because drift is simply a matter of
chance
C. none of these
D. Mutations accumulate at the same rate in populations of all
sizes is the same, but drift is unpredictable in how fast alleles
become fixed. The average time to fixation of many drifting alleles
in an average time to fixation that is the same across all populatio
- ANSWER-
Consider a hypothetical data set that shows a well-validated
molecular clock for 3 different genetic loci. Times of genetic
divergence are estimated at each locus for seven sets of sister
species (closest relatives). One of each pair lives in the Pacific
Ocean, the other in the Caribbean Sea. Times of genetic
divergence correspond to the rising of the isthmus of Panama
about 3.1 MYA. Based on these data, would you infer:
A. Speciation is consistent with a hypothesis of vicariance
B. Speciation is consistent with range expansion
C. Speciation is consistent with receding of Noah's flood
,3|Page
D. Speciation is consistent with dispersal
E. Speciation was the result of intense competition among the 7
ancestral taxa
*FIND A* - ANSWER-
The approximate time it takes for a neutral allele to either become
fixed or lost from a populations, thereby reducing genetic diversity
in the population is
A. The number of years equivalent to the populations size
B. none of these
C. The coalescence time divided by 2
D. The number of generations equivalent to twice the effective
populations size
E. The number of generations equivalent to the population size -
ANSWER-D
Which observation would be the best evidence for a recent
founder event or population bottleneck?
, 4|Page
A. Low genetic diversity in a single population of a widely
distributed species
B. Evidence that population size on an island is maintained by a
steady influx of migrants from the mainland
C. Roughly equal genetic variation in all subregions of a species
range
D. Evidence that a specific genotype has a strong selective
advantage in an environment
E. Census evidence for a steadily growing populations -
ANSWER-A
If reinforcement is an important means of completing speciation
one expects to observe among a group of species that are
compared with one another the following:
A. Stronger postzygotic isolating mechanisms among parapatric
relative to sympatric taxa that are that are of equivalent in age
since time of divergence
