NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology
Exam 2026 Questions and Answers
Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? - Correct answer-Peritoneal surfaces, omentum
(fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs), *liver*
The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: - Correct
answer-1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to
hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with fatty
acids to form triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-CoA
for ketogenesis and lipogenesis
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - Correct answer-Heart disease,
Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN,
HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins,
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVE 1
,fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage
mitochondria
What is the body's defense against ROS? - Correct answer-Antioxidants (Vitamin
E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
How are free radicals produced? - Correct answer-1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
action potential - Correct answer-Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the
neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
Threshold potential - Correct answer-Point at which depolarization must reach in
order to initiate an action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials - Correct answer-HYPERpolarized (more
negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability:
weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVE 2
, Hyperkalemia and action potentials - Correct answer-HYPOpolarized (more
positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac
standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials - Correct answer-Increased permeability to
Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures,
dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials - Correct answer-Decreased permeability to
Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion,
encephalopathy, depressed T waves
Atrophy - Correct answer-Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure,
use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once
the cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood supply,
nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis.
Cells are alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
Atrophy examples - Correct answer-Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus
gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVE 3
Exam 2026 Questions and Answers
Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? - Correct answer-Peritoneal surfaces, omentum
(fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs), *liver*
The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: - Correct
answer-1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to
hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with fatty
acids to form triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-CoA
for ketogenesis and lipogenesis
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - Correct answer-Heart disease,
Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN,
HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins,
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVE 1
,fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage
mitochondria
What is the body's defense against ROS? - Correct answer-Antioxidants (Vitamin
E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
How are free radicals produced? - Correct answer-1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
action potential - Correct answer-Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the
neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
Threshold potential - Correct answer-Point at which depolarization must reach in
order to initiate an action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials - Correct answer-HYPERpolarized (more
negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability:
weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVE 2
, Hyperkalemia and action potentials - Correct answer-HYPOpolarized (more
positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac
standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials - Correct answer-Increased permeability to
Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures,
dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials - Correct answer-Decreased permeability to
Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion,
encephalopathy, depressed T waves
Atrophy - Correct answer-Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure,
use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once
the cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood supply,
nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis.
Cells are alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
Atrophy examples - Correct answer-Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus
gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVE 3
