Intro to Psychology CLEP Exam 2026
Questions and Answers
Wilhelm Wundt - Correct answer-german physiologist who founded psychology as
a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879
Structuralists - Correct answer-Believed that consciousness was made up of basic
elements that were combined to produce diffferent perceptions
Introspection - Correct answer-a method of self-observation in which participants
report their thoughts and feelings
Edward Titchener - Correct answer-Student of Wilhelm Wundt; founder of
Structuralist school of psychology; set up first psychology lab in U.S.
Functionalists - Correct answer-studied the function of consciousness
William James - Correct answer-1842-1910; Field: functionalism; Contributions:
studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; Studies:
Pragmatism, The Meaning of Truth
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,Biological Approach - Correct answer-A psychological perspective that examines
behavior and mental processes through a focus on the body, especially the brain
and nervous system.
Psychodynamic Approach - Correct answer-Approach that states that behavior
reflects unconscious internal conflict between inherited instincts and society's
behavioral rules. **Sigmund Freud
Behaviorist Approach - Correct answer-A theoretical perspective that focuses only
on objective, observable reactions. Behaviorism emphasizes the environmental
stimuli that determines behavior.
Classical Conditioning - Correct answer-a learning procedure in which associations
are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus
Operant Conditioning - Correct answer-a type of learning in which behavior is
strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
Cognitive Approach - Correct answer-According to this approach, behavior is a
result of information processing, such as perception, memory, thought, judgment,
and decision making
Humanistic Approach - Correct answer-approach to psychology that sees humans
as basically good and striving to reach their ideal self
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, Self-actualization - Correct answer-self fulfillment the realization of all ones
potential and desire to become creative in the full sense if the world.
Experiments - Correct answer-a means for researchers to assess cause-and-effect
relationships between at least two variables.
Independent Variable - Correct answer-The experimental factor, "cause", that is
manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
Experimental Group - Correct answer-Exposed to presumed "cause"
Control Group - Correct answer-the group that does not receive the experimental
treatment.
Dependent Variable - Correct answer-the "effect" of an experiment; will usually
involve measuring how subjects behave.
Random Subject assignment - Correct answer-Is done to ensure that the average
behavior of the two groups would be the same PRIOR to manipulation.
Placebo Effect - Correct answer-experimental results caused by expectations alone;
any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or
condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent
Blind Study - Correct answer-participants are not told whether they're in the
control or experiment group
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Questions and Answers
Wilhelm Wundt - Correct answer-german physiologist who founded psychology as
a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879
Structuralists - Correct answer-Believed that consciousness was made up of basic
elements that were combined to produce diffferent perceptions
Introspection - Correct answer-a method of self-observation in which participants
report their thoughts and feelings
Edward Titchener - Correct answer-Student of Wilhelm Wundt; founder of
Structuralist school of psychology; set up first psychology lab in U.S.
Functionalists - Correct answer-studied the function of consciousness
William James - Correct answer-1842-1910; Field: functionalism; Contributions:
studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; Studies:
Pragmatism, The Meaning of Truth
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVE 1
,Biological Approach - Correct answer-A psychological perspective that examines
behavior and mental processes through a focus on the body, especially the brain
and nervous system.
Psychodynamic Approach - Correct answer-Approach that states that behavior
reflects unconscious internal conflict between inherited instincts and society's
behavioral rules. **Sigmund Freud
Behaviorist Approach - Correct answer-A theoretical perspective that focuses only
on objective, observable reactions. Behaviorism emphasizes the environmental
stimuli that determines behavior.
Classical Conditioning - Correct answer-a learning procedure in which associations
are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus
Operant Conditioning - Correct answer-a type of learning in which behavior is
strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
Cognitive Approach - Correct answer-According to this approach, behavior is a
result of information processing, such as perception, memory, thought, judgment,
and decision making
Humanistic Approach - Correct answer-approach to psychology that sees humans
as basically good and striving to reach their ideal self
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVE 2
, Self-actualization - Correct answer-self fulfillment the realization of all ones
potential and desire to become creative in the full sense if the world.
Experiments - Correct answer-a means for researchers to assess cause-and-effect
relationships between at least two variables.
Independent Variable - Correct answer-The experimental factor, "cause", that is
manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
Experimental Group - Correct answer-Exposed to presumed "cause"
Control Group - Correct answer-the group that does not receive the experimental
treatment.
Dependent Variable - Correct answer-the "effect" of an experiment; will usually
involve measuring how subjects behave.
Random Subject assignment - Correct answer-Is done to ensure that the average
behavior of the two groups would be the same PRIOR to manipulation.
Placebo Effect - Correct answer-experimental results caused by expectations alone;
any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or
condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent
Blind Study - Correct answer-participants are not told whether they're in the
control or experiment group
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVE 3
