UNIVERSITY OF IOWA:
FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN
PHYSIOLOGY, EXAM 2 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 2025/2026
,Nervous System - ANSWERSConsists of:
-CNS
-PNS
CNS - ANSWERS-Brain and Spinal cord
-Function in control and integration
PNS - ANSWERS-Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
-Motor and sensory
Neurons - ANSWERSNerve cells that conduct electrical signals
Neuroglia - ANSWERS-Majority of all nerve tissue cells
-Support neurons
Parts of neuron - ANSWERS-Dendrites
-Cell Body
-Axonal hillock
-Axon
-Axon terminal
Myelin - ANSWERS-Protective coating over the axon
-Makes the message through the axon flow faster and smoother
Types of neurons - ANSWERS-Afferent
-Efferent
-Interneurons
Afferent neurons - ANSWERSCarry signal away from the sensors
Efferent neurons - ANSWERSANS; Sends info from CNS to trigger motor response
Interneurons - ANSWERSCNS; Communicate between sensory and motor neurons
Neuroglia - ANSWERSNon conducting cells; PNS and CNS; aid the neurons
Types of Neuroglia - ANSWERS-Schwann cells
-Oligodendrocytes
-Astrocytes
-Microglia
-Ependymal cells
, Schwann cells - ANSWERSPNS; makes myelin
Oligodendrocytes - ANSWERSCNS; makes myelin
Astrocytes - ANSWERS-Form part of the blood-brain barrier
-Help make glucose for neurons
-Absorb extra neurotransmitters
Microglia - ANSWERSPart of the immune system in the brain
Ependymal cells - ANSWERSHelp form CSF
Nerves and muscles - ANSWERSExcitable tissues
Negative - ANSWERSInside of a cell is ____________ relative to the outside.
-70mV - ANSWERSResting cell potential
K+ - ANSWERSCell is permeable to ____.
Na+ - ANSWERSCell is impermeable to ____.
Equilibrium - ANSWERSAt resting potential, neither K+ or Na+ are in ______________.
Polarization - ANSWERSWhen membrane potential is other than 0mV
Depolarization - ANSWERSWhat the charge is less negative than resting membrane
potential
Repolarization - ANSWERSWhen the membrane returns to resting potential
Hyperpolarization - ANSWERSWhen the cell is more negative than resting membrane
potential
Types of Potential - ANSWERS-Graded
-Action
Graded potential - ANSWERS-Magnitude varies with stimulus strength
-Decremental
-Depolarizing v. Hyperpolarizing
-Used for short distances
Action potential - ANSWERS-Brief, rapid, and large changes in membrane potential
-All or none law
-Must reach threshold potential
-Not decremental
FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN
PHYSIOLOGY, EXAM 2 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 2025/2026
,Nervous System - ANSWERSConsists of:
-CNS
-PNS
CNS - ANSWERS-Brain and Spinal cord
-Function in control and integration
PNS - ANSWERS-Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
-Motor and sensory
Neurons - ANSWERSNerve cells that conduct electrical signals
Neuroglia - ANSWERS-Majority of all nerve tissue cells
-Support neurons
Parts of neuron - ANSWERS-Dendrites
-Cell Body
-Axonal hillock
-Axon
-Axon terminal
Myelin - ANSWERS-Protective coating over the axon
-Makes the message through the axon flow faster and smoother
Types of neurons - ANSWERS-Afferent
-Efferent
-Interneurons
Afferent neurons - ANSWERSCarry signal away from the sensors
Efferent neurons - ANSWERSANS; Sends info from CNS to trigger motor response
Interneurons - ANSWERSCNS; Communicate between sensory and motor neurons
Neuroglia - ANSWERSNon conducting cells; PNS and CNS; aid the neurons
Types of Neuroglia - ANSWERS-Schwann cells
-Oligodendrocytes
-Astrocytes
-Microglia
-Ependymal cells
, Schwann cells - ANSWERSPNS; makes myelin
Oligodendrocytes - ANSWERSCNS; makes myelin
Astrocytes - ANSWERS-Form part of the blood-brain barrier
-Help make glucose for neurons
-Absorb extra neurotransmitters
Microglia - ANSWERSPart of the immune system in the brain
Ependymal cells - ANSWERSHelp form CSF
Nerves and muscles - ANSWERSExcitable tissues
Negative - ANSWERSInside of a cell is ____________ relative to the outside.
-70mV - ANSWERSResting cell potential
K+ - ANSWERSCell is permeable to ____.
Na+ - ANSWERSCell is impermeable to ____.
Equilibrium - ANSWERSAt resting potential, neither K+ or Na+ are in ______________.
Polarization - ANSWERSWhen membrane potential is other than 0mV
Depolarization - ANSWERSWhat the charge is less negative than resting membrane
potential
Repolarization - ANSWERSWhen the membrane returns to resting potential
Hyperpolarization - ANSWERSWhen the cell is more negative than resting membrane
potential
Types of Potential - ANSWERS-Graded
-Action
Graded potential - ANSWERS-Magnitude varies with stimulus strength
-Decremental
-Depolarizing v. Hyperpolarizing
-Used for short distances
Action potential - ANSWERS-Brief, rapid, and large changes in membrane potential
-All or none law
-Must reach threshold potential
-Not decremental
