McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology
The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children
9th Edition
• Author(s)Julia Rogers
TEST BANK
Item 1
Chapter 1, Cellular Communication and Signal Transduction
A researcher is studying a hormone that binds to a
transmembrane receptor, activating a G-protein. This G-protein
then directly stimulates the production of a second messenger
that mobilizes calcium from intracellular stores. Which second
messenger is most directly involved in this specific calcium
mobilization process?
A. Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
B. Inositol trisphosphate (IP₃)
C. Diacylglycerol (DAG)
D. Cyclic GMP (cGMP)
Correct Answer: B. Inositol trisphosphate (IP₃)
Rationales:
Correct (B): IP₃ is a second messenger generated from the
phospholipase C pathway. Its primary function is to bind to
receptors on the endoplasmic reticulum, triggering the release
of stored calcium ions into the cytosol.
,Incorrect (A): cAMP is a major second messenger, but it
primarily activates protein kinase A (PKA). It is not directly
responsible for mobilizing calcium from intracellular stores.
Incorrect (C): DAG is produced alongside IP₃ in the
phospholipase C pathway. Its role is to activate protein kinase C
(PKC), which has various effects but does not directly mobilize
calcium.
Incorrect (D): cGMP is a second messenger involved in various
processes like vasodilation and phototransduction, but it is not
the primary messenger for calcium release from the
endoplasmic reticulum.
Teaching Point: IP₃ is the key second messenger that signals the
release of calcium from intracellular endoplasmic reticulum
stores.
Item 2
Chapter 1, Membrane Transport: Cellular Intake and Output
A patient with severe diarrhea is diagnosed with a congenital
disorder affecting solute transport in the intestines. Diagnostic
testing reveals a defect in a specific membrane protein that
simultaneously moves two different solutes in the same
direction across the membrane. This process is best described
as:
A. Simple diffusion
B. Active transport
,C. Symport
D. Antiport
Correct Answer: C. Symport
Rationales:
Correct (C): Symport is a type of coupled transport (secondary
active transport) where two or more solutes are moved across
the membrane in the same direction.
Incorrect (A): Simple diffusion involves the passive movement
of a solute down its concentration gradient and does not
involve a membrane protein moving multiple solutes.
Incorrect (B): While symport is a type of active transport, this
term is too broad. Active transport includes primary (e.g.,
Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump) and secondary types; the question
specifies the movement of two solutes in the same direction.
Incorrect (D): Antiport is a type of coupled transport where two
solutes are moved in opposite directions across the membrane.
Teaching Point: Symport moves two solutes in the same
direction, while antiport moves them in opposite directions.
Item 3
Chapter 1, Structure and Function of Cellular Components
A cell biologist is examining a cell line with dysfunctional
lysosomes. Which of the following cellular processes would be
most directly impaired due to this organelle's failure?
, A. Synthesis of phospholipids for the plasma membrane
B. Degradation of engulfed bacteria and cellular debris
C. Production of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation
D. Modification and packaging of proteins for secretion
Correct Answer: B. Degradation of engulfed bacteria and
cellular debris
Rationales:
Correct (B): Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles filled
with hydrolytic enzymes (acid hydrolases) responsible for
intracellular digestion. They break down material phagocytosed
from outside the cell (e.g., bacteria) and digest obsolete
intracellular components (autophagy).
Incorrect (A): Phospholipid synthesis is primarily a function of
the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER).
Incorrect (C): ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation is
the primary function of mitochondria.
Incorrect (D): Modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for
secretion is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus.
Teaching Point: Lysosomes are the digestive system of the cell,
critical for breaking down foreign material and cellular waste.
Item 4
Chapter 1, Cellular Reproduction: The Cell Cycle
A chemotherapeutic agent works by causing irreversible DNA
The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children
9th Edition
• Author(s)Julia Rogers
TEST BANK
Item 1
Chapter 1, Cellular Communication and Signal Transduction
A researcher is studying a hormone that binds to a
transmembrane receptor, activating a G-protein. This G-protein
then directly stimulates the production of a second messenger
that mobilizes calcium from intracellular stores. Which second
messenger is most directly involved in this specific calcium
mobilization process?
A. Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
B. Inositol trisphosphate (IP₃)
C. Diacylglycerol (DAG)
D. Cyclic GMP (cGMP)
Correct Answer: B. Inositol trisphosphate (IP₃)
Rationales:
Correct (B): IP₃ is a second messenger generated from the
phospholipase C pathway. Its primary function is to bind to
receptors on the endoplasmic reticulum, triggering the release
of stored calcium ions into the cytosol.
,Incorrect (A): cAMP is a major second messenger, but it
primarily activates protein kinase A (PKA). It is not directly
responsible for mobilizing calcium from intracellular stores.
Incorrect (C): DAG is produced alongside IP₃ in the
phospholipase C pathway. Its role is to activate protein kinase C
(PKC), which has various effects but does not directly mobilize
calcium.
Incorrect (D): cGMP is a second messenger involved in various
processes like vasodilation and phototransduction, but it is not
the primary messenger for calcium release from the
endoplasmic reticulum.
Teaching Point: IP₃ is the key second messenger that signals the
release of calcium from intracellular endoplasmic reticulum
stores.
Item 2
Chapter 1, Membrane Transport: Cellular Intake and Output
A patient with severe diarrhea is diagnosed with a congenital
disorder affecting solute transport in the intestines. Diagnostic
testing reveals a defect in a specific membrane protein that
simultaneously moves two different solutes in the same
direction across the membrane. This process is best described
as:
A. Simple diffusion
B. Active transport
,C. Symport
D. Antiport
Correct Answer: C. Symport
Rationales:
Correct (C): Symport is a type of coupled transport (secondary
active transport) where two or more solutes are moved across
the membrane in the same direction.
Incorrect (A): Simple diffusion involves the passive movement
of a solute down its concentration gradient and does not
involve a membrane protein moving multiple solutes.
Incorrect (B): While symport is a type of active transport, this
term is too broad. Active transport includes primary (e.g.,
Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump) and secondary types; the question
specifies the movement of two solutes in the same direction.
Incorrect (D): Antiport is a type of coupled transport where two
solutes are moved in opposite directions across the membrane.
Teaching Point: Symport moves two solutes in the same
direction, while antiport moves them in opposite directions.
Item 3
Chapter 1, Structure and Function of Cellular Components
A cell biologist is examining a cell line with dysfunctional
lysosomes. Which of the following cellular processes would be
most directly impaired due to this organelle's failure?
, A. Synthesis of phospholipids for the plasma membrane
B. Degradation of engulfed bacteria and cellular debris
C. Production of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation
D. Modification and packaging of proteins for secretion
Correct Answer: B. Degradation of engulfed bacteria and
cellular debris
Rationales:
Correct (B): Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles filled
with hydrolytic enzymes (acid hydrolases) responsible for
intracellular digestion. They break down material phagocytosed
from outside the cell (e.g., bacteria) and digest obsolete
intracellular components (autophagy).
Incorrect (A): Phospholipid synthesis is primarily a function of
the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER).
Incorrect (C): ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation is
the primary function of mitochondria.
Incorrect (D): Modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for
secretion is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus.
Teaching Point: Lysosomes are the digestive system of the cell,
critical for breaking down foreign material and cellular waste.
Item 4
Chapter 1, Cellular Reproduction: The Cell Cycle
A chemotherapeutic agent works by causing irreversible DNA
