FRHD3070 - Final Exam Questions with Detailed Verified Answers

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FRHD3070 - Final Exam Questions with
Detailed Verified Answers

Question: Pros of using existing measures

Ans ✅ ✅: save time, money, can make comparisons with other results

Question: Cons of using existing measures

Ans ✅ ✅: harder to cover abstract content, not appropriate for target pop., format
not appropriate for collection mode and different researchers have different views

Question: operational definitions

Ans ✅ ✅: sequence of steps or procedures that a researcher followed to obtain a
measurement (concrete and measurable)

Question: conceptual defintion

Ans ✅ ✅: very basic definition of what something is - in order for it to work it
research it must be operationalized

Question: components of observed score

Ans ✅ ✅: observed score = function of true score + systematic error + random error

Question: Measure twice and cut once (analogy)

Ans ✅ ✅: ways to minimize measurement error (it is always present)

Question: a variable has three components

Ans ✅ ✅: a true score, systematic error and random error

Question: true score

Ans ✅ ✅: measures construct of interest

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Question: systematic error

Ans ✅ ✅: things that are the same over and over again but also measure constructs
of disinterest

Question: random error

Ans ✅ ✅: constantly ever changing, nothing methodical about it

Question: low and high levels of measurement

Ans ✅ ✅: lower is less sophisticated and higher is more sophisticated

Question: 4 levels of measurement

Ans ✅ ✅: nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio

Question: nominal

Ans ✅ ✅: measuring at categorical measure, they are mutually exclusive (sex,
religion, ethnicity) - no hierarchy

Question: ordinal

Ans ✅ ✅: identifies differences among categories -and ranks categories ranging
from low to high (ranked) on a continuum, (report card grades, likert scales)

Question: interval

Ans ✅ ✅: identifies differences among categories and ranks categories and
intervals between adjacent categories and each interval is spaced out equally, no true
zero (temperature)

Question: ratio

Ans ✅ ✅: identifies differences among categories and ranks categories, measures
distance between categories and has a true zero, meaningful, total absence of
characteristic (income, years of education, cigarettes - if you don't smoke any you
smoke zero) (money or age)

Question: nominal stats

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Ans ✅ ✅: frequencies (how many people endorse a certain category)

Question: ordinal stats

Ans ✅ ✅: frequencies; *median* (because ranking)

Question: interval & ratio stats

Ans ✅ ✅: frequencies; median and *mean* (the average)

Question: what determines the types of mathematics you can do with
data

Ans ✅ ✅: levels of measurement

Question: levels of measurement analogy

Ans ✅ ✅: like a nesting doll because you move from lowest to highest level
(nominal to ratio)

Question: example of nominal in marathon

Ans ✅ ✅: numbers on runners

Question: example of ordinal in marathon

Ans ✅ ✅: place in race

Question: examples of interval /ratio in marathon

Ans ✅ ✅: amount of time taken to complete race

Question: Correlation

Ans ✅ ✅: stat measure of strength association between 2 variables

Question: +1.00 correlation

Ans ✅ ✅: high scores of one variable are associated with high scores of other
variable and vice versa

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Question: -1.00 correlation

Ans ✅ ✅: high scores on one variable are associated with low scores of other
variable (low self-esteem associated with drug use)

Question: zero correlation (points scattered)

Ans ✅ ✅: SES and honesty - no relationship between the variables

Question: effect size

Ans ✅ ✅: r (correlation) summarizes strength of relationship

Question: r = 0.10

Ans ✅ ✅: effect size is small (weak) and range is less than 0.30

Question: r = 0.30

Ans ✅ ✅: effect size is moderate (medium) and range is 0.30 - 0.49

Question: r = 0.50

Ans ✅ ✅: the effect size is large (strong) and range is 0.50 & above

Question: Reliability

Ans ✅ ✅: degree to which observed scores are free from errors of measurement

Question: types of reliability

Ans ✅ ✅: test retest; alternative-forms; split-half; internal consistency; and inter-
rater

Question: test-retest reliability

Ans ✅ ✅: the same measure conducted at 2 different times

Question: rule of thumb for test re-test reliability