McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology
The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children
9th Edition
• Author(s)Julia Rogers
TEST BANK
McCance & Huether — Pathophysiology, 9th Ed. — Chapter 1:
Cellular Biology.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1: Cellular Biology — Section:
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Stem: A 5-year-old child is given an antibiotic that inhibits 70S
ribosome function. Which cellular feature explains why this
drug selectively impairs bacteria but not the child's
hepatocytes?
A. Bacterial lack of membrane-bound nucleus
B. Bacterial use of 70S ribosomes for protein synthesis
C. Bacterial cell wall containing peptidoglycan
D. Bacterial circular DNA lacking histones
Correct Answer: B
,Rationales:
• Correct (B): Prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes (50S + 30S)
that are structurally different from eukaryotic 80S
ribosomes; antibiotics targeting 70S ribosomes (e.g.,
aminoglycosides) selectively inhibit bacterial protein
synthesis.
• A: While bacteria lack a membrane-bound nucleus, this is
not the direct target for antibiotics that inhibit ribosomes.
• C: A cell wall with peptidoglycan is a target for other
antibiotics (e.g., penicillins) but doesn't explain 70S
ribosome selectivity.
• D: Circular DNA without histones differentiates bacteria
but is irrelevant to ribosome-selective drugs.
Teaching Point: Antibiotics targeting 70S ribosomes exploit
fundamental ribosomal differences between prokaryotes and
eukaryotes.
2.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1: Cellular Biology — Section:
Cellular Functions
Stem: A researcher exposes cultured stem cells to a high
concentration of a growth factor that activates lineage-specific
transcription factors. Which cellular function is being induced?
,A. Apoptosis
B. Differentiation
C. Autophagy
D. Necrosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct (B): Activation of lineage-specific transcription
factors by growth factors drives differentiation—stem cells
become specialized cells with unique functions.
• A: Apoptosis is programmed cell death and not the process
described by lineage-specific transcription activation.
• C: Autophagy is intracellular self-digestion for homeostasis
under stress, unrelated to lineage commitment.
• D: Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death from injury and not a
regulated differentiation process.
Teaching Point: Differentiation converts stem cells into
specialized cell types via transcriptional programs.
3.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1: Cellular Biology — Section:
Structure and Function of Cellular Components (Mitochondria)
Stem: A patient with progressive muscle weakness shows
increased serum lactate and maternal-only inheritance of the
, disease. Which mitochondrial feature best explains this
inheritance pattern?
A. Mitochondria undergo mitosis like the nucleus
B. Mitochondrial DNA is inherited almost exclusively from the
mother
C. Mitochondria have bacterial 70S ribosomes
D. Mitochondrial DNA encodes all mitochondrial proteins
Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct (B): Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is transmitted
predominantly through the oocyte; thus, mtDNA
mutations exhibit maternal inheritance patterns seen in
many mitochondrial myopathies.
• A: Mitochondria replicate by binary fission, not mitosis of
the nucleus; this doesn't explain maternal inheritance.
• C: Mitochondria have ribosomes similar to prokaryotic
ribosomes, but that fact does not determine inheritance
patterns.
• D: mtDNA encodes some mitochondrial proteins but most
are nuclear-encoded and imported, so this statement is
false and doesn’t explain maternal transmission.
Teaching Point: mtDNA is maternally inherited, producing
maternal-only transmission of mitochondrial disorders.
The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children
9th Edition
• Author(s)Julia Rogers
TEST BANK
McCance & Huether — Pathophysiology, 9th Ed. — Chapter 1:
Cellular Biology.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1: Cellular Biology — Section:
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Stem: A 5-year-old child is given an antibiotic that inhibits 70S
ribosome function. Which cellular feature explains why this
drug selectively impairs bacteria but not the child's
hepatocytes?
A. Bacterial lack of membrane-bound nucleus
B. Bacterial use of 70S ribosomes for protein synthesis
C. Bacterial cell wall containing peptidoglycan
D. Bacterial circular DNA lacking histones
Correct Answer: B
,Rationales:
• Correct (B): Prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes (50S + 30S)
that are structurally different from eukaryotic 80S
ribosomes; antibiotics targeting 70S ribosomes (e.g.,
aminoglycosides) selectively inhibit bacterial protein
synthesis.
• A: While bacteria lack a membrane-bound nucleus, this is
not the direct target for antibiotics that inhibit ribosomes.
• C: A cell wall with peptidoglycan is a target for other
antibiotics (e.g., penicillins) but doesn't explain 70S
ribosome selectivity.
• D: Circular DNA without histones differentiates bacteria
but is irrelevant to ribosome-selective drugs.
Teaching Point: Antibiotics targeting 70S ribosomes exploit
fundamental ribosomal differences between prokaryotes and
eukaryotes.
2.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1: Cellular Biology — Section:
Cellular Functions
Stem: A researcher exposes cultured stem cells to a high
concentration of a growth factor that activates lineage-specific
transcription factors. Which cellular function is being induced?
,A. Apoptosis
B. Differentiation
C. Autophagy
D. Necrosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct (B): Activation of lineage-specific transcription
factors by growth factors drives differentiation—stem cells
become specialized cells with unique functions.
• A: Apoptosis is programmed cell death and not the process
described by lineage-specific transcription activation.
• C: Autophagy is intracellular self-digestion for homeostasis
under stress, unrelated to lineage commitment.
• D: Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death from injury and not a
regulated differentiation process.
Teaching Point: Differentiation converts stem cells into
specialized cell types via transcriptional programs.
3.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1: Cellular Biology — Section:
Structure and Function of Cellular Components (Mitochondria)
Stem: A patient with progressive muscle weakness shows
increased serum lactate and maternal-only inheritance of the
, disease. Which mitochondrial feature best explains this
inheritance pattern?
A. Mitochondria undergo mitosis like the nucleus
B. Mitochondrial DNA is inherited almost exclusively from the
mother
C. Mitochondria have bacterial 70S ribosomes
D. Mitochondrial DNA encodes all mitochondrial proteins
Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct (B): Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is transmitted
predominantly through the oocyte; thus, mtDNA
mutations exhibit maternal inheritance patterns seen in
many mitochondrial myopathies.
• A: Mitochondria replicate by binary fission, not mitosis of
the nucleus; this doesn't explain maternal inheritance.
• C: Mitochondria have ribosomes similar to prokaryotic
ribosomes, but that fact does not determine inheritance
patterns.
• D: mtDNA encodes some mitochondrial proteins but most
are nuclear-encoded and imported, so this statement is
false and doesn’t explain maternal transmission.
Teaching Point: mtDNA is maternally inherited, producing
maternal-only transmission of mitochondrial disorders.
