PNE 161 Test 3 Questions and Answers Already Passed Latest Update

PNE 161 Test 3 Questions and Answers Already Passed Latest Update Diffusion - Answers Oxygen and Carbon dioxide moves across the alveolar cell membranes and the cell membranes of the capillaries surrounding the alveoli is by the process of Inhalation/Inspiration - Answers air is pulled into the lungs until the pressure in the lungs equal the pressure outside the body is called? exhalation/expiration - Answers The ribs come inward, the diaphragm rises upward and the lungs are then compressed, forcing the air to go out. What are signs and symptoms of Hypoxia? - Answers Early signs- Agitation, Anxiety, Changed in level of consciousness, Disorientation, Headache, irritability, restlessness, Tachypnea (rapid and shallow breathing) Late Signs - Bradypnea, Bradycardia, Cardiac arrythmias, Cyanosis, and Retractions. What to assess during a respiratory assessment - Answers Color of skin and mucous membrane's Respiratory effect Cough Chest appearance O2 Oxygenation status Respiratory Diagnostic Tests - Answers - TB skin tests. - Chest x-ray (can show heart abnormalities). - PFT: Pulmonary Function Test (measure inspiratory residual/tidal volume, expiratory residual/tidal volume). - ABGs: Arterial Blood Gases (measure oxygen & CO2 levels). - test sputum for culture & sensitivity. - bronchoscopy. - lung scan/CT scan/ ventilation/perfusion studies. - pulse oximetry (SpO2, pulse ox, O2 sat) (normal range is 95-100%). - thoracentesis (insert needle into the pleural space, withdraw fluid in order to relieve pressure on lungs; may also test the fluid for presence of infection). - throat culture. Nursing Interventions - Answers Patients who have undergone surgery or are on bedrest MUST be turned every two hours to prevent respiratory complications caused by immobility. Encourage patients to take 3 deep breathes and then cough to remove secretions from the lungs and the airways. If the patient has an abdominal or chest incision, encourage them to hold a pillow against the incision while taking deep breathes and coughing. NORMAL RANGES FOR ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES - Answers pH- 7.35-7.45 anything ABOVE is Alkalosis Anything BELOVE Acidosis PaO2- 80-100mm HG Anything ABOVE is Hyperventilation Anything BELOW is Hypoxemia PaCO2- 35-45 mm Hg Anything ABOVE converts to carbonic acid and causes Acidosis Anything BELOW- Lack of carbonic acid causes Alkalosis NHCO3- 22-26 Above- Excess of alkalinity causes alkalosis Below- Lack of alkalinity leads to acidosis Do you need a doctor's order for Oxygen? - Answers Yes, you do need an HCP order for Oxygen endotracheal tube - Answers Some tubes are deigned to enter the trachea, not the pharynx. Theses airways are used when the patient is unable to breathe independently because of airway obstruction respiratory arrest. It is a from but flexible plastic tube that may be inserted through the nose or the mouth. What is a tracheostomy? - Answers an incision into the trachea that is held open with a tube to promote breathing may be performed for several reasons. Hemothorax - Answers When blood and drainage are present in the pleural space, they pool in the lower portion of the cavity. How much is our body made up of water? - Answers 50% to 70% of the body's total weight for ADULTS Infants and premature Infants- 65%-80% BLOOD is composed of 80% to 83% WATER What are the functions of water in the body - Answers Maintaining and regulating temperature Transporting electrolyte's, minerals, vitamins, and wastewater Protecting the brain and spinal cord Lubricating the joints and digestive tract How much water should the average adult consume daily? - Answers 1,440-1,920mL roughly 1,5 and 2 liters each day Hyponatremia (Sodium Deficit) - Answers Signs and Symptoms- Anorexia, Nausea, Vomiting, Headache, Lethargy, Muscle Weakness or twitching, nonelastic skin turgor, tremors, seizures, swelling of optic nerve. SOME causative factors - High blood sugar, Heart failure, renal disease, and GI suctioning. Hypernatremia(Excess Sodium) - Answers Signs and Symptom- Thirst, sticky mucous membranes, dry mouth, flushed skin, lethargy, restlessness, oliguria, irritability, hallucinations, seizures; pulmonary edema. SOME causative factors- Diabetes insipidus; heatstroke; watery diarrhea; ingestion of excessive