Biod 101 Module 5 Exam Questions With Correct Verified Answers | 100% Pass (A+ Certified)

1. What is a ligand? Answer Molecule that has specificity for a given receptor and causes change 2. What is paracrine signalling? Answer Local range signalling, is the release of vesicles containing the signalling ligand that will bond to nearby target cells 3. What is synaptic signalling? Answer Local range, neuron containing molecule that migrates across the synapse to another neuron or muscle 4. What is a synapse? Answer Small gape between signalling and target cell 5. What stimulates the release of neurotransmitters in vesicles? Answer Electrical signal 6. What are neurotransmitters? Answer Class of ligand released from neurons 7. What is autocrine signalling? Answer Cell acts as a sender and receiver of a cell 8. What kind of cells is autocrine signalling common in? Answer Immune cells 9. What is endocrine signalling? Answer Transmits ligands to bond to their target cells over long distances 10. What powers the movement of ligands during endocrine signalling? Answer Circulatory system 11. How do hormones function as ligands? Answer Regulate homeostatic mechanisms 12. What is the transduction pathway? Answer Series of sequential steps that interpret the signal 13. What are the molecules called if there are multiple involved in the transduction process? Answer Relay molecules 14. When does the response phase begin? Answer After the signal has been successfully transduced 15. What kind of response can be triggered by a signal? Answer Activation of genes within the nucleus, changes to cytoskeleton, release of vesicles, apoptosis 16. Where are most receptors located on a cell? Answer Anchored outside the cell in the plasma membrane 17. What receptors are located on the outside of the cell? Answer G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), and ligand-gated ion channels 18. What are the three general regions for cell-surface receptors? Answer Extracellular region, hydrophobic region in the plasma membrane, and an intracellular region 19. What are transmembrane receptors? Answer Receptors that are threaded through the plasma membrane 7 times 2