Rvt Ardms Exam Review Correct Questions And Verified Detailed Answers |Already Graded A+

3 causes of venous thrombosis also called, Virchow's Triad - ANSWER Venous stasis, trauma/endothelial damage, hypercoagulability Venous stasis - ANSWER Slowed blood flow in veins. Caused by immobility, myocardial infarction, CHF, hypotension, COPD, obesity, pregnancy, previous DVT, extrinsic compression, SVC syndrome, paraplegia, surgery associated conditions. 2 types of Trauma/endothelial damage - ANSWER Intrinsic and extrinsic Intrinsic trauma is - ANSWER Damage to the vessel wall from intravenous drugs or a catheter. Increased use of PICC line results in higher incidence of upper extremity thrombus, usually developing at most proximal portion of PICC line. Extrinsic trauma is - ANSWER Damage caused by an accident, which can occur at any site of the body. Hypercoagulability is associated with - ANSWER Pregnancy, cancer, oral contraceptives and/or hormone replacement therapy, inherited states,e.g., factor V Leiden or protein C, protein S, or Antithrombin III deficiency Sensitivity, and How to calculate? - ANSWER -Ability of a test to detect disease, how many tests are correctly called positive. - # of true positives divided by # of all positive tests by gold standard, or TP/TP+FN Specificity, and how to calculate? - ANSWER -Ability of a test to identify normality, or how many results were correctly called negative. - # of true negative divided by # of all negative tests by gold standard, or TN/TN+FP Positive predictive value, and how to calculate? - ANSWER -percentage of test results that accurately predict abnormality, or what % correctly predicted disease. - # of true positive test divided by # of all positive tests, or TP/TP+FP Negative predictive value, and how to calculate? - ANSWER - percentage of test results that accurately predict normality, or what % correctly predicted absence of disease. - # of true negatives divided by # of all negative tests, or TN/TN+FN Accuracy, and how to calculate? - ANSWER - % of correct tests, or how well does the test both detect and rule out disease. - total # of correct tests divided by total # of all tests, or TP+TN/TP+FP+FN+TN Brachiocephalic/ Innominate vien formed from confluence of? - ANSWER Subclavien and Internal jugular vein Vascular disease more common in women? - ANSWER Takayasu's arteritis-tennage to young women more common. FMD- younger women. Celiac band syndrome- young athletic women. Vascular disease more common in men? - ANSWER Obliteritis angitis(bergers disease)- younger 40 men, heavy smokers. Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome- young athletic men. Celiac artery supplies blood to what organs? - ANSWER Stomach, liver, pancreas, duodenum, and spleen. Celiac artery branches into? - ANSWER Left gastric, splenic, common hepatic arteries. SMA supplies blood to what organs? - ANSWER Small intestine, cecum, ascending colon, part of transverse colon. SMA location? - ANSWER 1cm distal to celiac artery. IMA supplies what organs? - ANSWER Left half of transverse colon, the descending, iliac, and sigmoid colon, and part of rectum IMA arises from? - ANSWER Distal abdominal aorta 3-4cm above aortic bifurcation and can act as a collateral connection. May-Thurner syndrome - ANSWER Compression of left common iliac vein by the right common iliac artery as the artery crosses over it, increases likelihood of left common iliac deep vein thrombosis. Paget-Schroetter syndrome - ANSWER -(Stress or effort thrombosis) thrombosis of subclavien or axillary vein secondary to intense, repetitive activity. -Associated with motion of upper extremity as seen with heavy lifting or strenuous throwing of a baseball or football. Nutcracker syndrome - ANSWER Compression of the left renal vein between the aorta and the SMA. Renal arteries supply what? - ANSWER Kidneys, suprarenal glands, ureters. Landmarks for renal artery and vein? - ANSWER Left renal vein crosses the aorta anteriorly and is superior to renal artery. Right renal artery crosses posteriorly to IVC. Two main categories for alternative diagnostic tests related to venous disease are? - ANSWER 1. Evaluation for possible venous thrombosis or venous reflux. 2. Evaluation of a pulmonary embolism (PE). What is a D-dimer test? - ANSWER D-dimer is a protien fragment produced when a blood clot dissolves in the body and is normally undetectable, but it is measurable when a clot is breaking down. With an increase of product breakdown, the level of D-dimer in blood rises. -high level of D-dimer suggests presence of thrombus. Capabilities of D-dimer test? - ANSWER -measurable product of thrombolysis detected on a quantitative blood assey. - can rule out thromboembolism if negative. If positive, has little specificity but points out need for additional testing to diagnose cause of hypercoagulability. Limitations of D-dimer? - ANSWER -there are many different methods/products to detect D-dimer in blood, causing wide variation in results obtained. -D-dimer may be elevated with pregnancy, liver disease, renal disease, cancer, or any thrombotic process, including recent surgery. -lacks specificity and positive predictive value. Two types of contrast venography (phlebography) are? - ANSWER 1. Ascending 2. Descending Ascending venography is? - ANSWER Image the veins from distal to proximal and detects venous abnormalities including DVT. Descending venography is? - ANSWER Image the veins from proximal to distal and assess valve function and venous reflux.