NURS 275 Exam 4 UPDATED ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Define glycogen - CORRECT ANSWER Stored glucose
Define glucagon - CORRECT ANSWER Suppresses insulin, stimulates
gluconeogenesis [sugar production]
Define glycogenolysis - CORRECT ANSWER The breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Define gluconeogenesis - CORRECT ANSWER Produces glucose from non-CHO
stores [ex. proteins and fats]
Where is insulin produced and what does it do? - CORRECT ANSWER - produced by
beta cells in the pancreas
- lowers blood glucose
- insulin helps to stabilize glucose rand to 70-120 [gestational range can be higher]
- average daily secretion 0.6 units/kg/body weight
Define insulin resistance - CORRECT ANSWER A problem with how cells respond to
insulin
List the steps of normal insulin metabolism - CORRECT ANSWER - insulin is an
anabolic hormone secreted by beta cells [Islets of Langerhans]
- after you eat, glucose rises which triggers pancreas to release insulin into the bloodstream
- through the transport and metabolism of glucose [needed for energy], insulin helps your
body store it in your muscles, fat cells, and liver to use later when your body needs it
- without insulin, your body is unable to use or store glucose for energy
,Define a counterregulatory hormone and name a few - CORRECT ANSWER A group
of hormones that work to counter the effects of insulin [to maintain glucose between 70-100],
primarily to raise glucose levels
- glucagon
- catecholamines
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine
- growth hormone
- cortisol
How long after eating does normal insulin secretion happen? - CORRECT ANSWER 1
hour
- check BG 30-60 mins after eating [postprandil]
Define diabetes mellitus - CORRECT ANSWER - a chronic metabolic disorder marked
by hyperglycemia resulting from failure of pancreas to produce insulin or from insulin
resistance
- progressive disease that affects almost every organ of the body
Who is at risk for diabetes mellitus? - CORRECT ANSWER - obese [mainly intercity
and from the South]
- unhealthy lifestyle
- aging [50% 65+ have some degree of glucose intolerance]
- stress [due to norepi]
- pregnant women [placenta blocks insulin causing insulin resistance]
- environmental exposure [toxins]
- genetic predisposition
- racial/ethnic groups [african americans, hispanics]
- social determinants of health -access?
Describe type 1 diabetes mellitus [zachary :(((] - CORRECT ANSWER - genetic trait
, - destruction of beta cells in pancreas
- autoimmune! no ability to release insulin
- viral?
- acute onset
- young age of diagnosis [mostly]
- Caucasians at higher risk
- usually have a primary relative with T1DM
- prone to ketoacidosis!
- males are at a higher risk
Describe type 2 diabetes mellitus - CORRECT ANSWER - insulin resistance [pancreas
releases the insulin but the cells ignore it]
- on the rise in children due to lack of exercise and healthy food
- accounts for 90% of diabetes cases
- insidious onset [slower]
- 20% already have retinopathy at diagnosis
- elevated postprandial glucose before elevated FBS
- likely genetic component but strong lifestyle component
- strong behavioral component
Describe gestational diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER - insulin resistance increases in
pregnancy due to the placenta
- maternal insulin demands triple
List the clinical manifestations of T1DM - CORRECT ANSWER - 3 P's --> polydipsia,
polyuria, polyphagia
- acidosis --> fruity smelling breath
- kussmauls respirations - deep breathing bc they trynna stay alive
- Potassium changes
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Define glycogen - CORRECT ANSWER Stored glucose
Define glucagon - CORRECT ANSWER Suppresses insulin, stimulates
gluconeogenesis [sugar production]
Define glycogenolysis - CORRECT ANSWER The breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Define gluconeogenesis - CORRECT ANSWER Produces glucose from non-CHO
stores [ex. proteins and fats]
Where is insulin produced and what does it do? - CORRECT ANSWER - produced by
beta cells in the pancreas
- lowers blood glucose
- insulin helps to stabilize glucose rand to 70-120 [gestational range can be higher]
- average daily secretion 0.6 units/kg/body weight
Define insulin resistance - CORRECT ANSWER A problem with how cells respond to
insulin
List the steps of normal insulin metabolism - CORRECT ANSWER - insulin is an
anabolic hormone secreted by beta cells [Islets of Langerhans]
- after you eat, glucose rises which triggers pancreas to release insulin into the bloodstream
- through the transport and metabolism of glucose [needed for energy], insulin helps your
body store it in your muscles, fat cells, and liver to use later when your body needs it
- without insulin, your body is unable to use or store glucose for energy
,Define a counterregulatory hormone and name a few - CORRECT ANSWER A group
of hormones that work to counter the effects of insulin [to maintain glucose between 70-100],
primarily to raise glucose levels
- glucagon
- catecholamines
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine
- growth hormone
- cortisol
How long after eating does normal insulin secretion happen? - CORRECT ANSWER 1
hour
- check BG 30-60 mins after eating [postprandil]
Define diabetes mellitus - CORRECT ANSWER - a chronic metabolic disorder marked
by hyperglycemia resulting from failure of pancreas to produce insulin or from insulin
resistance
- progressive disease that affects almost every organ of the body
Who is at risk for diabetes mellitus? - CORRECT ANSWER - obese [mainly intercity
and from the South]
- unhealthy lifestyle
- aging [50% 65+ have some degree of glucose intolerance]
- stress [due to norepi]
- pregnant women [placenta blocks insulin causing insulin resistance]
- environmental exposure [toxins]
- genetic predisposition
- racial/ethnic groups [african americans, hispanics]
- social determinants of health -access?
Describe type 1 diabetes mellitus [zachary :(((] - CORRECT ANSWER - genetic trait
, - destruction of beta cells in pancreas
- autoimmune! no ability to release insulin
- viral?
- acute onset
- young age of diagnosis [mostly]
- Caucasians at higher risk
- usually have a primary relative with T1DM
- prone to ketoacidosis!
- males are at a higher risk
Describe type 2 diabetes mellitus - CORRECT ANSWER - insulin resistance [pancreas
releases the insulin but the cells ignore it]
- on the rise in children due to lack of exercise and healthy food
- accounts for 90% of diabetes cases
- insidious onset [slower]
- 20% already have retinopathy at diagnosis
- elevated postprandial glucose before elevated FBS
- likely genetic component but strong lifestyle component
- strong behavioral component
Describe gestational diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER - insulin resistance increases in
pregnancy due to the placenta
- maternal insulin demands triple
List the clinical manifestations of T1DM - CORRECT ANSWER - 3 P's --> polydipsia,
polyuria, polyphagia
- acidosis --> fruity smelling breath
- kussmauls respirations - deep breathing bc they trynna stay alive
- Potassium changes
