Chapter 4 And Chapter 5 Biology: The
Essentials - by Marielle Hoefnagels
Potential energy - Answer Stored Energy
Kinetic energy - Answer Energy being used to do work
One calorie - Answer The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by
1°C
Kilocalorie - Answer 1000 calories, the most common unit for measuring the energy content of
food
Entropy - Answer A measure of disorder, or randomness
Metabolism - Answer All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
Oxidation-reduction reaction - Answer a reaction in which energized electrons are transferred
from one molecule to another
Oxidation - Answer Loss of electrons
Reduction - Answer Gain of electrons
Electron transport chain - Answer A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane
proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make
ATP.
ATP - Answer (adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their
work
Hydrolysis - Answer the addition of water that breaks bonds between two molecules;
functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers.
, When ATP donates a phosphate group to a molecule - Answer the recipient may (a) be more
likely to bond or (b) change its shape in a useful way
activation energy - Answer The amount of energy required to start a reaction
active site - Answer The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs,
the region where the substrates bind
negative feedback - Answer the product of a reaction inhibits the enzyme that controls its
formation
Noncompetitive inhibition - Answer a product molecule binds to the enzyme at a location
other than the active site, changing the enzyme's shape so it can no longer bind substrate
competitive inhibition - Answer the reaction product binds to the enzyme's active site
selectively permeable - Answer A property of cell membranes that allows some substances to
pass through, while others cannot
concentration gradient - Answer a solute is more concentrated in one region than in a
neighboring region
passive transport - Answer a substance moves across the membrane without the direct
expenditure of energy
diffusion - Answer the spontaneous movement of a substance from a region where it is more
concentrated to a region where it is less concentrated
simple diffusion - Answer a form of passive transport in which a substance moves down its
concentration gradient without the aid of a transport vesicle
osmosis - Answer simple diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
isotonic - Answer the solute concentration inside the cell is the same as that of the plasma
Essentials - by Marielle Hoefnagels
Potential energy - Answer Stored Energy
Kinetic energy - Answer Energy being used to do work
One calorie - Answer The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by
1°C
Kilocalorie - Answer 1000 calories, the most common unit for measuring the energy content of
food
Entropy - Answer A measure of disorder, or randomness
Metabolism - Answer All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
Oxidation-reduction reaction - Answer a reaction in which energized electrons are transferred
from one molecule to another
Oxidation - Answer Loss of electrons
Reduction - Answer Gain of electrons
Electron transport chain - Answer A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane
proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make
ATP.
ATP - Answer (adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their
work
Hydrolysis - Answer the addition of water that breaks bonds between two molecules;
functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers.
, When ATP donates a phosphate group to a molecule - Answer the recipient may (a) be more
likely to bond or (b) change its shape in a useful way
activation energy - Answer The amount of energy required to start a reaction
active site - Answer The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs,
the region where the substrates bind
negative feedback - Answer the product of a reaction inhibits the enzyme that controls its
formation
Noncompetitive inhibition - Answer a product molecule binds to the enzyme at a location
other than the active site, changing the enzyme's shape so it can no longer bind substrate
competitive inhibition - Answer the reaction product binds to the enzyme's active site
selectively permeable - Answer A property of cell membranes that allows some substances to
pass through, while others cannot
concentration gradient - Answer a solute is more concentrated in one region than in a
neighboring region
passive transport - Answer a substance moves across the membrane without the direct
expenditure of energy
diffusion - Answer the spontaneous movement of a substance from a region where it is more
concentrated to a region where it is less concentrated
simple diffusion - Answer a form of passive transport in which a substance moves down its
concentration gradient without the aid of a transport vesicle
osmosis - Answer simple diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
isotonic - Answer the solute concentration inside the cell is the same as that of the plasma
