WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY DETAILED COMPLETE EXAM 2025

WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY DETAILED COMPLETE EXAM 2025 What is the primary determinant of oncotic pressure? - Correct Ans-Albumin Form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins - Correct Ans-Oncotic Pressure What is the difference between adult and child immunity? - Correct Ans-Naive T Cells Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by _________________, which regulates actions such as thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS. - Correct Ans-Osmoreceptors What are the causes of dehydration? - Correct Ans- #Excessive loss #inadequate intake #Both What s/sx are associated with dehydration? - Correct Ans- #Dry mucous membranes #Decreased skin turgor #Decreased urine output #Low blood pressure #Tachycardia #Weak heart rate #Confusion A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting has an elevated CO2 level and pH of 7.53. She is breathing slowly. What condition does she have? - Correct Ans-Metabolic alkalosis The patient's pH and CO2 levels are both elevated (moving in the same direction). This indicates metabolic alkalosis. The CO2 level is high because her respiratory system is attempting to compensate for the high pH by exhaling less and retaining more CO2. Normal CO2 level - Correct Ans-35-45 Normal pH level - Correct Ans-7.35-7.45 Normal HCO3 level - Correct Ans-22-26 Michael's pulmonary edema leads to respiratory acidosis. How does pH impact Michael's basal metabolic panel? Choose 3 answers. WGU D236 WGU D236 WGU D236 His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the bloodstream. His calcium level is reduced because the elevated concentration of H+ makes it easier for Ca+ to bind to albumin. His CO2 level is decreased because his lungs have difficulty adding it into the bloodstream. His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia. His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream. - Correct Ans-His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the bloodstream. His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia. His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream. A hormone panel was done on a patient with congestive heart failure and fluid volume overload. Which elevated hormone on the patient's chart is indicative of the body's attempt to reduce the fluid overload? Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) Aldosterone Renin - Correct Ans-BNP BNP is released when fluid volume excess is present. Normal sodium level - Correct Ans-135-145 Hyponatremia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - Correct Ans-Na 135 Loss of energy or fatigue Nausea and vomiting Headache Confusion Muscle spasms Low blood pressure Dark scanty urine Irritability, disorientation and neurological manifestations WGU D236 Seizures Hypernatremia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx - Correct Ans-Na 145 Excessive thirst Extreme fatigue Confusion Muscle twitching or spasms Restlessness Seizures Normal potassium level - Correct Ans-3.5-5.0 Hypokalemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx - Correct Ans-K 3.5 #Muscle fatigue/cramping #Nausea, vomiting, constipation #Cardiac dysrhythmias #Paresthesia (numbness/tingling) Hyperkalemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - Correct Ans-K 5.0 Muscle weakness/paralysis Paresthesia (numbness/tingling) Cardiac dysrhythmias Cardiac arrest/MI Normal calcium level - Correct Ans-8.5-10.5 Hypocalcemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - Correct Ans-Calcium 8.5 Overexcitability of the muscles Muscle twitching Paresthesia (numbness/tingling) Chvostek and Trousseau sign (twitching on the cheek when touched) Cardiac dysrhythmias Hypercalcemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - Correct Ans-Calcium 10.5 Muscle weakness Loss of muscle tone Spontaneous fractures Kidney stones Cardiac dysrhythmias Normal magnesium level - Correct Ans-1.6-2.6 WGU D236 WGU D236 WGU D236 Hypomagnesemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - Correct Ans-Magnesium level 1.6 Tremors Hyperreflexia Insomnia Muscle cramps Irregular heart beat Hypermagnesemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - Correct Ans-Magnesium level 2.6 Hyporeflexia Lethargy Respiratory depression N/V Slow/Irregular heart beat Tay-Sachs Disease - Correct Ans-An autosomal recessive inherited genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele (chromosome 15) that leads to the accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth, followed by death within a few years. Marfan Syndrome - Correct Ans-Inherited autosomal dominant trait (only one abnormal copy of the Marfan gene inherited from one parent) FBN1 gene. Genetic connective tissue disorder that can affect aorta and heart valve structures. **If one parent has Marfan syndrome, each child has a 50% chance of inheriting the abnormal gene and developing the condition. If both parents have the condition, the risk of their child inheriting the abnormal gene and developing Marfan syndrome increases to 75%. Turner Syndrome - Correct Ans-A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted. Underdeveloped ovaries (sterile) Short stature (under 4' 7") Amenorrhea Webbing of the neck Edema Underdeveloped breasts/wide nipples WGU D236 WGU D236 Respiratory rate increases during exercise. How does this increased respiratory rate allow the body to maintain a homeostatic pH level? - Correct Ans-The increased exhalation of CO2 helps to increase pH. (The increased respiratory rate allows more CO2 to be exhaled. Since CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid, getting rid of more CO2 through increased respiration will raise pH) An ICU patient's arterial blood gas results show low pH and low CO2 levels. The patient's respiratory rate is increased. What is the name of this condition? - Correct Ans Metabolic acidosis (Since the pH is low, and the pH and CO2 are trending in the same direction, the condition is metabolic acidosis. The low CO2 indicates that CO2 is not causing the acidosis. The increased respiratory rate lowers blood CO2 in an attempt to compensate for the metabolic acidosis.) Your patient has pulmonary edema, which raises levels of CO2 in the blood. What helps the patient's body to compensate for this increase? The kidneys conserve H+ and conserve HCO3- The kidneys excrete more H+ and conserve HCO3- The kidneys conserve H+ and excrete more HCO3- The kidneys excrete more H+ and excrete more HCO3- - Correct Ans-The kidneys excrete more H+ and conserve HCO3- (The increased CO2 level will generate more carbonic acid. The body must compensate for the decreased pH. Excreting more H+ and conserving HCO3- will both help to increase pH.) Heberden and Bouchard's nodes are indicative of what disease process? - Correct Ans Osteoarthritis You receive a patient who has experienced a burn on the right leg. The burn has small blisters, is markedly pinkish red, and has a shiny and moist appearance. When the patient is asked about pain level, the patient describes it as severe. What level of burn does this patient present? Superficial thickness / Partial or intermediate thickness / Full Thickness / Fourth Degree - Correct Ans-Second Degree (partial thickness) WGU D236 WGU D236 Second degree: Partial thickness burns can be either superficial partial thickness or deep partial thickness, depending on the degree of tissue necrosis of the dermal layer. These burns can char the epidermis and papillary dermal layer, with resultant edema and formation of epidermal blisters. Burned skin is wet, raw, and pink or cherry red in color that blanches with pressure. Identify degrees of burn, and other s/s to that degree burn - Correct Ans-First-degree (Superficial) burns affect only the outer layer of the skin. They cause pain, redness, and swelling (no blistering/scarring). Second-degree (Partial or intermediate thickness) burns affect both the outer and underlying layer of skin. They cause pain, redness, swelling, and blistering. Pink/Cherry in color that blanches. Third-degree (Full thickness) burns affect the deep layers of skin. High risk of infection. Fourth-degree burns involve muscle or bone. A 56-year-old female presents with superficial partial-thickness burns to the anterior head and neck, front and back of the left arm, front of the right arm, posterior trunk, front and back of the right leg, and back of the left leg. Calculate the total body surface area percentage that is burned using the Rule of Nines. - Correct Ans-63% The Rule of Nines is a rapid method used during the prehospital and emergent phase of care. The body is divided into regions that present 9%, or multiples of 9, with the exception of the perineum, which is 1% of BSA (body surface area). The face and back of the head are 4.5% each, so the entire head is 9%, the anterior and posterior portion of the arm is 9%, and the total for each leg is 18%. Anterior head and neck (4.5%), front and back of the left arm (9%), front of the right arm (4.5%), posterior trunk (18%), front and back of the right leg (18%), back of the left leg (9%) which equals 63%. An adolescent male patient is brought to the emergency department after spending a long day at the beach. The patient's head, neck, and trunk from the waist upwards and legs from the knees downward are bright red and edematous. The patient is crying and reports 8 out of 10 on the pain scale and an inability to find a comfortable position. What is the most likely classification of this burn? Superficial Thickness / Partial or Intermediate Thickness / Full Thickness / Fourth Degree - Correct Ans-Superficial / First Degree Burn Superficial burns are reddened and painful. Burn that requires surgery, forms more scars and are less painful? WGU D236 WGU D236 Superficial thickness / Partial or Intermediate Thickness / Full Thickness / 4th Degree - Correct Ans-Deep partial thickness / Second Degree Burn -Blisters/weeps -Risk of infection/scarring increase with depth of burn Describe an intracranial bleed in the epidural space - Correct Ans-Typically caused by a head injury and usually with a skull fracture. Occurs between the skull bone and the outmost membrane layer, the dura mater. High pressure bleeding is a prominent feature. You may briefly lose consciousness. Describe an intracranial bleed in the subdural space - Correct Ans-Collection of blood on the surface of your brain. Typically caused by your head moving rapidly forward and stopping, such as a car accident or shaken baby syndrome. More common in older people and people with a history of heavy alcohol use. Describe an intracranial bleed in the subarachnoid space - Correct Ans-O