NURS 3550 - Midterm Exam Questions and Answers Already Passed Latest Update

NURS 3550 - Midterm Exam Questions and Answers Already Passed Latest Update Antibiotic - Answers Chemical produced by organism that harm other microbes Antimicrobial - Answers Any agent that can kill/suppress microorganisms Spectrum - Answers Broad: impacts many different microbes; Narrow: impacts few microbial species ('specific') Aerobic bacteria - Answers Need oxygen to survive, only found in oxygen environments Anaerobic bacteria - Answers In areas without oxygen as byproducts of oxygen are harmful to them Facultative bacteria - Answers Can exist with or without oxygen Selective toxicity - Answers Ability to injure target organisms without harming host Bactericidal - Answers Lethal to bacteria Bacteriostatic - Answers Slows growth of bacteria, doesn't kill it (requires the immune system) Trough level - Answers Amount of drug in serum blood sample before the next dose is due (lowest level) Peak level - Answers Amount of drug in a serum blood sample when it peaks (highest level) Superinfection - Answers A new infection that develops when treating a primary infection Bacterial resistance - Answers Stems from changes in microbe NOT changes in drug; i.e bugs become resistant; drugs do not become resistant Penicillin - Answers Beta-lactam antibiotic; all beta-lactam antibiotics disrupt the cell wall Penicillin's mechanism of action - Answers Inhibition of transpeptidases and activation of autolysins Penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) - Answers Molecular targets for penicillin, only expressed during growth and division Gram negative (GN) cell envelope - Answers Has another layer (an outer membrane) which is harder to penetrate (penicillin not very effective) Penicillinases - Answers Enzymes that breakdown the beta-lactam ring - makes drug useless Altered PBPs - Answers Low affinity for penicillin (and beta-lactam drugs); MRSA has altered PBPs Penicillin G - Answers Prototype, most used; bactericidal to many GP and some GN bacteria; although narrow-spectrum Penicillin V - Answers Stable in stomach acid and can be taken PO Penicillinase-resistant Penicillins - Answers Used only with penicillinase-producing staphylococci Broad-spectrum Penicillins - Answers Same spectrum as Pen G plus GN bacteria Extended-spectrum Penicillin - Answers Increased spectrum, notably includes Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, which is often seen in immunocompromised patients Penicillin Allergy - Answers Not related to dose; must have been exposed to penicillin before (could be diet or environmental) Types of Penicillin reactions - Answers Immediate (2-30 minutes), Accelerated (1-72 hours) Anaphylaxis - Answers Severe hypersensitivity reaction with 10% mortality. Epinephrine - Answers Immediate treatment for anaphylaxis. Cephalosporins - Answers Bactericidal beta-lactam antibiotics with five generations. Cell Wall Synthesis - Answers Targeted by cephalosporins and penicillins. Cephalosporin Resistance - Answers Inactivation by cephalosporinases affects efficacy. 1st Generation Cephalosporins - Answers Inactivated by cephalosporinases; ineffective. 3rd Generation Cephalosporins - Answers Resistant to cephalosporinases; broader spectrum. Pharmacokinetics - Answers Study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism. Ceftriaxone - Answers Hepatically eliminated cephalosporin. Adverse Effects of Cephalosporins - Answers Includes rash, bleeding, and cross-reactivity with PCN. Carbapenems - Answers Broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics resistant to beta-lactamases. Imipenem - Answers Prototype carbapenem, combined with cilastatin. Vancomycin - Answers Bactericidal antibiotic for MRSA and C. diff. Tetracyclines - Answers Bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibiting protein synthesis. Chelation - Answers Binding of tetracyclines to metal ions reduces absorption. Photosensitivity - Answers Increased sunburn risk with tetracyclines. Macrolides - Answers Bacteriostatic antibiotics that block protein synthesis. Erythromycin - Answers Prototype macrolide, alternative to Pen G. QT Interval - Answers Prolongation can lead to sudden cardiac death. Clindamycin - Answers Bacteriostatic antibiotic used for severe infections.